The concept of Nirvana from a psychological point of view
Posted on April 30th, 2010

Dr. Ruwan M. Jayatunge ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

The concept of Nirvana is more than 2500 years old. Throughout the centuries various scholars and philosophers tried to explain this concept using their limited knowledge.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ In fact the concept of Nirvana is much more wide and difficult to explain in mundane terms. The Nirvana concept is often misunderstood and sometimes misused (eg – Nirvana Rock Band, Nirvana Night Club) in the Western world. Some Western scholars have tried to interpret it as a sensational feeling or like orgasm which was incorrect.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The concept of Nirvana was originally explained by the Lord Buddha (566-486 BC). His Lordship reached Enlightenment, at the age of 35, awakening to the true nature of reality, which is Nirvana (Absolute Truth). The word Nirvana comes from the root meaning ‘to blow out’ and refers to the extinguishing of the fires of greed, hatred and delusion.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ When these emotional and psychological defilements are destroyed by wisdom, the mind becomes free, radiant and joyful and at death one is no longer subject to rebirth. Nirvana is the ultimate happiness.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The Buddha describes the abiding in nirvana as a state of ‘deathlessness’ and as the highest spiritual attainment, the reward for one who lives a life of virtuous conduct. Nibbana is meant specifically as pertains gnosis that which ends the identity of the mind with empirical phenomena.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Nirvana can only be explained to the ‘unenlightened’ by negation. Thus the Buddha tries to explain this deep concept to one of his disciples. He asks whether the fire, when it is extinguished, can be said to have gone north, south, east, or west. Nirvana, however, cannot be described as existing, not existing, both existing and not, or neither existing nor not.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Venerable Dr. Walpola Rahula explains the concept of Nirvana as

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ …The only reasonable reply is that it can never be answered completely and satisfactorily in words, because human language is too poor to express the real nature of the Absolute Truth or Ultimate Reality which is Nirvana. Language is created and used by masses of human beings to express things and ideas experienced by their sense organs and their mind.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ A supramundane experience like that of the Absolute Truth is not of such a category. Words are symbols representing things and ideas known to us; and these symbols do not and cannot convey the true nature of even ordinary things. Language is considered deceptive and misleading in the matter of understanding of the Truth. So the Lankavatara-sutra says that ignorant people get stuck in words like an elephant in the mud. Nevertheless, we cannot do without langauge.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ It is incorrect to think that Nirvana is the natural result of the extinction of craving. Nirvana is not the result of anything. If it would be a result, then it would be an effect produced by a cause. It would be ‘produced’ and ‘conditioned’. Nirvana is neither cause nor effect. It is not produced like a mystic, spiritual, mental state, such as dhyana or samadhi.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ People often ask: What is there after Nirvana? This question cannot arise, because Nirvana is the Ultimate Truth. If it is Ultimate there can be nothing after it. If there is anything after Nirvana, then that will be the Ultimate Truth and not Nirvana.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ He who has realised Truth, Nirvana, is the happiest being in the world. He is free from all ‘complexes’ and obsessions, the worries and troubles that torment others. His mental health is perfect. He does not repent the past, nor does he brood over the future.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ He lives fully in the present. Therefore he appreciates and enjoys things in the purest sense without self-projections. He is joyful, exultant, enjoying the pure life, his faculties pleased, free from anxiety, serene and peaceful.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ As he is free from selfish desire, hatred, ignorance, conceit, pride, and all such ‘defilements’, he is pure and gentle, full of universal love, compassion, kindness, sympathy, understanding and tolerance. His service to others is of the purest, for he has no thought of self. He gains nothing, accumulated nothing, because he is free from the illusion of self and the ‘thirst’ of becoming.

Nirvana and human mind

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ A man is composed of six elements: solidity, fluidity, heat, motion, space and consciousness. All human knowledge is founded on particles and forces in space and time, which assumes the existence of four separate things. This cause many problems for humanity because the necessary connection between these things is unknown.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The mind-body dual is known as the ‘psychophysical’ problem and has been concisely formulated by the French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes in his ‘Meditations’, published in 1641. Descartes observed that the world consists of two basically different substances; mind and matter.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Matter occupies 3-D space, mind does not. He could not explain satisfactorily how these two substances, mind and matter; interrelate. Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) saw mind and body as two attributes of the same substance, processes of one and the same thing expressed in two different ways.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ What is the connection between human body and human mind? Can human mind gain higher neurological functions through evolutionary process? What does the theory of evolution has to say? Darwinian explanation is based on the extraordinary amount of data collected by the sciences, which is tied together by a number of hypotheses: the Earth and life develop through various physical, chemical, and biological processes, over billions of years.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Man evolved from the apes by the purely physical process of ‘natural selection’; the same process through which all life evolved.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The scientific cosmology is thus one of continued development and progress through tremendously long periods of time. Homo sapiens have achieved a greater success in this regard. Their brain developed in to a higher juncture. The human mind has no limitations. The contemporary science had not discovered even 5 per cent of the human brain and its cognitive abilities.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Every day Neuro psychologists discover new schemes, and superior brain functions. They are of the view that human mind is an extraordinary system which is million times advanced than the newest computers. According to Buddhism, there is no division between physical and psychological aspects of life. The experience of the one influences the other.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Nirvana is cognisable by mind. In other words human mind can be trained in higher cognitive functions. When the mind reaches higher state it can understand advanced logical reasoning, high moral issues and so forth. Realisation of Nirvana is a form of achieving superior mental state.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ It is a state in which one experiences the unity and the wholeness of everything as it is. This unity and interconnectedness of all things is, from a Buddhist perspective, objective reality.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Consciousness and Nirvana

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The brian, thus, might not be pictured as a series of neural connections, but rather as a matter wave “system’ that resonates in particular regions and dampens in yet others. What we call consciousness and memory may be pictured as the collective resonances and dampening of the entire brain-system.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Consciousness and perception may also be a resonance of the brain matter-wave system; an effect of the brain-system interfacing with the outside world. The degree of consciousness that one may have might depends upon the collective degree of the brain wave-system being in-phase with the environment. The more interactive and resonant the brian-system is with the environment through the senses, the greater may be the degree of consciousness.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The Buddha taught that consciousness arises only out of conditions; without the presence of conditions there is no consciousness. Consciousness depends on form, feelings, perceptions and impulses for its arising and cannot exist independently of them. It is essentially an observing function.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Harmonization of unconscious and conscious

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ An individuated individual is one in whom the unconscious and conscious are harmonised, and ego is decentralised. This is achieved by getting in touch with the unconscious, without allowing the ego to be overwhelmed by it. Ego has an explicit value.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Functions which exist below the threshold of consciousness need to be brought above that threshold, repressed shadow contents need to be acknowledged, and the major archetypes of the collective unconscious.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ In the human psyche, according to Buddhism, nine levels of consciousness exist. The first five correspond to the five senses and are called: eye consciousness, ear consciousness, nose consciousness, tongue consciousness, and body consciousness. The remaining four are levels of mind consciousness.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The sixth level of consciousness controls the perception of the outer and material world. The seventh level concerns our inner and spiritual world and guides our capacity for thought and judgment. The eight level is the “store” of Karma (alaya). The ninth level of consciousness is the basis of all spirituality and is called Amala, which means pure and uncontaminated.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Enlightenment results from the state where the conscious mind is depotentiated of energy through long practice and discipline, working with meditation. Nirvana the ultimate goal of Buddhism is a state in which there is no suffering or desire, and no sense of self.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ It is a state of perfect happiness. Doctrinally Nibbana is said of the mind which no “longer is coming and going but which has attained a status in perpetuity, whereby “liberation can be said ergo the freed mind is equal to Nibbana in Buddhist doctrine.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Elsewhere the Buddha calls Nirvana ‘the unconditioned element.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Beyond Freudian theory

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Basically Freud explained about the pathological mind. Psychoanalytic theory is based on the conscious and unconscious psychological processes. Freud developed a theory of behaviour and mind, its urges or drives also thoughts.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Unconscious motivation is the key idea of psychoanalysis. In the psychoanalytic perspective super maintain concept like Nirvana is difficult to explain. The theory of ultra super ego (read psychoanalysis with Clinical Evidence by Dr. Ruwan M. Jayatunge – Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha Publishers 2004 Colombo, Sri Lanka) gives some background ideas about the functions of superego and the ultra super ego in people who have a developed psyche. People with highly developed psyche have diminished levels of id functions and their spiritual dimensions is prominent.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Existentialism and the concept of Nirvana

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Comparisons between Buddhism and the various schools of existentialism have revealed a number of parallels. Such studies have frequently centered on each tradition’s metaphysical approach and the fact that they all appear to share some form of phenomenological methodology.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Existential psychology deals with basic issues of existence that may be the source of present conflict within a person. These concerns are universal and inherent in the human condition; death, freedom, and essential aloneness and meaningless. The emptiness ‘is the human condition to which both Buddhism and Nietzsche respond.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The word Dukkaha gives a deep philosophical meaning of suffering and emptiness. Dukkha is the Sanskrit word commonly translated as ‘suffering’. The most important type of Dukkha, however, is Sankhara-dukkha, an existential incompleteness due to spiritual ignorance.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Existential psychology addresses the meaning of life and human freedom. The Buddha used Nirvana more as an image of freedom. Nirvana names the transcendent and singularly ineffable freedom that stands as the final goal of all the Buddha’s teachings.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ “This is peace, this is exquisite – the resolution of all fabrications, the relinquishment of all acquisitions, the ending of craving; dispassion; cessation; Nirvana”.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The Gestalt psychology and the concept of Nirvana

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The word Gestalt means a unified or meaningful whole, which was to be the focus of psychological study instead. Gestalt psychology is based on the observation that we often experience things that are not a part of our simple sensations.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ In perception, there are many organising principles called Gestalt laws. People cannot see the multidimensional reality because human senses are limited to three dimensions, yet the higher-dimensional world is only a subset of the multidimensional system.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ An interrelated set of holistic principles is developed. The multidimensional world is then explored with this holistic logic system. This leads to commonsense interpretations of quantum physics effects and provides plausible answers to many unresolved questions, such as the whole versus parts problem, mind-body interaction, the inner structure of the human psyche, the beginning of life, and the creative nature of evolution.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The experiments of quantum physics showed that the atoms, the presumed fundamental building blocks of the universe, were, at their core, essentially empty. Quantum physics has thus brought about a radical new understanding both of the particles and the void. In subatomic physics, mass is no longer seen as a material substance but is recognised as a form of energy.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ In Dhammapada, the notion of Nirvana is explained in thus:

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ “There is that dimension where there is neither earth, nor water, nor fire, nor wind; neither dimension of the infinitude of space, nor dimension of the infinitude of consciousness, nor dimension of nothingness, nor dimension of neither perception nor non-perception; neither this world, nor the next world, nor sun, nor moon.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ And there, I say, there is neither coming, nor going, nor stasis, neither passing away nor arising; without stance, without foundation, without support (mental object). This, just this, is the end of stress.”

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Gestalt psychologists believe in intuition or Aha experience. This can be explained as an insight or rather sudden perception of critical relationship. Understanding the Nirvana sometimes achieved like Aha experience. Advanced cognitive abilities can grasp and understand some of the complex questions within seconds.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Conclusion

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ An important facet of Nirvana in general is that it is not something that comes about from a concatenation of causes, that springs into existence as a result of an act of creation or an agglomeration of causative factors; it was never created; it always was, is and will be. But due to the moral and mental darkness of ordinary, sansarically benighted sentient beings, it remains hidden from unawakened perception.

4 Responses to “The concept of Nirvana from a psychological point of view”

  1. sharpeshooter Says:

    Indeed a commendable and a rare article with depth, for people, especially Sinhalese, who have gone so far off rails appreciating false values with no time to contemplate on prescious Buddhist concepts, apparently, and I wonder how many understood the content. In my opinion the best way to explain Nibbana by an unenlightened person to bring some enlightement to others would be stay away from it. The most intriguing thing is, how does an Arahant lead a life of Unconditioned within the Conditioned state which is in another words living both in Time and Timeless dimensions(can we call timeless a dimension!). Nibbana is incomprehensible to mundane consciousness until one day a person enters the Noble path, as from that point onwards his sign(Nimitta) will be replaced by signless Nibbana and the person experiences a glimps of Nibbana. Although Buddha refrained from explaining many things, especially Nibbana, (and above Nimitta) commentaries written by both enlightened and unenlightened persons ponder on subjects with sometimes disastrous results. Although a direct definition of Nibbana is not possible the characteristic of Nibbana can be stated with certainity such as – Permanent (as it is unconditioned or unmade), Anatta (no self, no being), Parama Sukkha(highest happiness), Timeless (akalika), unconditioned.
    Sunil Vijayapala

  2. Andare Says:

    Dr. Ruwan Jayatunge must be congratulated for opening the discussion and making Buddhists start thinking about the nature of Nibbana. Nibbana can be experienced, but difficult to discuss, as he says. However, here are a few points which may be of interest to readers.

    Most scientists are beginning to believe that Consciousness is not in the brain. The brain is like a computer. Who is operating the computer?  The Brain is interlinked with the ‘Operator’.  There are many accounts of people who had out of the body experiences. Dr Raymond Moody collected the experiences of over 600 people who underwent clinical death. You can read all about it yourself in his books. There is also a very good book by Arthur Koestler “The Ghost in the Machine”. Who or what is this ‘Ghost’? In meditation we use our awareness to watch our thoughts and emotions. The realization dawns that “we” are not our thoughts nor emotions. It is a pure Awareness which can be focussed on anything. Wherever the focus, the mind becomes aware of where the focus is.

    For those who are interested, there is a book written by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird called the “Secret Life of Plants”. They did extensive experiments with plant which were connected to Electroencephalographs. They proved all living things are aware, including plants though there is no brain in plants.

    In our opinion this is the Cosmic Consciousness or God, that some people refer to, and what the Buddha referring to Nirvana said: “O bhikkus, there is the Unborn, the Ungrown, and Unconditioned. Were there not the Unborn the, Ungrown and the Unconditioned, there would be no escape for the born, grown and conditioned.——————–   etc”.  He goes on to say “Here the four elements of solidity, fluidity, heat and motion have no place; the notions of length and breadth, the subtle and the gross, the good and evil, name and form are altogether destroyed; neither this world or the other, nor coming or going or standing, neither death nor birth nor sense objects are to be found.” See page 37 (hard copy edition) of “What the Buddha Taught” by Walpola Rahula. In our humble opinion, Nirvana is the experience of this Cosmic Consciousness or Universal Power (what ever you call it) by the human Consciousness.

    This is the only explanation as to why the Buddha became Omnicient, Omnipresent and Omnipotent when he became enlightened. As Sir Edwin Arnold says in “Light of Asia” Om Mani Padme Hum, the shining dew drop slips into the shining ocean. The drop disappeared into an already existing ocean of consciousness.

    In India, a form of greeting is Jai Sat Chit Anand. This means ‘glory to Truth (Sat), Chit (Consciousness) and the result of plugging Consciousness into Truth is Bliss (Anand). Truth is another name for this Power or God. In Meditation, the Human Consciousness is connected to the Universal Power or Life Energy within us.

    The problem is that there are many words to describe the same thing called Truth !

  3. Inquirer Says:

    This is an excellent article, going beyond normal medical knowledge. Most of the modern psychiatrists, and psychologists believe that the brain is the organ the functions such as memory, are stored. Phenomena such as telepathy, clairvoyance, out of the body experiences etc cannot be expalined by them. Dr Jayatunga’s explanation about this difficult subject to explain “nibbana” is very commendable and very well done. My congratulations.

  4. Priyantha Abeywickrama Says:

    Dear Dr. Jayatunge, can you tell the readers the difference between the perfect truth and the perfect lie?

    If words have no meaning, then how could you tell anything? Does it mean that ‘not knowing the meaning of a word’ equals to ‘a meaningless word’? I wish those who created words are around to answer these questions? By the way, have you tried to create a single word gaining any public recognition? I did not mean like your expert Cumaratunga Munidasa who created the word Hima Kirama for “Ice Cream” that you mentioned earlier. Sadly this expert did not know the commonly used set of very old Sinhala word/s that replace the English word “Cream”. We are lucky to have such experts as English did not use the word “ream” in place of “cream”. If it was the case your expert could have seen the stars, unless he borrowed a word from some other language. Unfortunately that is the nature of our experts these days.

    You say “Man evolved from the apes by the purely physical process of ‘natural selection’; the same process through which all life evolved.” This seems to be the idea of Darwin. I hope you would be more generous to the original sentence fabricator by admission rather than by omission. So, humans selected the digestive system similar to that of rats purely through the physical process of “natural selection”. Is it the same for cattle who selected a more sophisticated version of a digestive system? Sorry, I am not trying to tell that cattle are more capable of natural selection than humans. I wonder whether we just had part of our digestive system at an early stage of selection. Could this be true with those humans born with deformities? Do you think that they are a result of natural selection?

    You have detailed a lot about Nirvana and hope that you have some idea of what it is. Unfortunately, I am really dumb when it comes to Nirvana though I find it very familiar when its original Sinhala word “Nivana(va)” is taken. I am not sure whether adding “rr” in the middle makes it something very very special though Hindu people are very conscious about the “rr” sound reminding me an expert of Indian origin pronouncing the word “Perpendicular” with more of “rr” than in the word. We should not be worried too much as the speech disorder is more like “in order” these days to some trying to speak someone else’s language. I heard that there are some Islamic extremists sacrificing their lives to reach the heavenly life and that there are Christians trying to convert many humans using every possible way to collect reward points to join their creator. Is their any benefit of gaining Nirvana other than shedding the physical human life the way we know it? For me, no physical body means feel-nothing-life. I wonder whether those who try to escape from being human had the opportunity to make their “natural selection”.

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