{"id":105671,"date":"2020-08-19T17:42:58","date_gmt":"2020-08-20T00:42:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lankaweb.com\/news\/items\/?p=105671"},"modified":"2020-08-19T17:42:58","modified_gmt":"2020-08-20T00:42:58","slug":"arthika-dupatha-economic-oasis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lankaweb.com\/news\/items\/2020\/08\/19\/arthika-dupatha-economic-oasis\/","title":{"rendered":"ARTHIKA DUPATHA-Economic oasis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Anton Balasuriya<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\n paper details the concept of economic development to jump start the rural\n economy and alleviate poverty beyond COVID 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\n strategy is to combine the presently available infrastructure and\n administrative facilities and bring a new dimension of human motivation\n factors, as well as, to adding new resources to strength the weak areas and\n those that are non-existent presently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The paper commences with the author\u2019s assumptions, followed by three critical parameters necessary for accelerated development. They are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(i) A motivated workforce
(ii) Efficient infrastructure facilities
(iii)\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A dedicated administrative structure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\n paper thereafter proposes the development of an action plan. The main features\n being:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(i) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Objectives,
(ii) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Activities to achieve the objectives,
(iii) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Work hours needed to achieve objectives,
(iv) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cost estimation of the total project
(v) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Monitoring and evaluation methods,
(vi) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Expected benefits and ripple effects to the total economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARTHIKA\nDUPATHA (ECONOMIC OASIS)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(This is a concept to jump start the rural economy and alleviate poverty\nbeyond COVID 19 using presently available infrastructure and administrative\nfacilities and adding new resources where necessary. It is pertinent to mention\nthat agricultural and industrial revolutions took place in all ancient\ncivilizations and in the recent world in a similar fashion. In other words,\nprovision of administrative functions and supervision from a central node\nradiating outwards in every direction. At the same time, the provision of\nfacilities for growing harvesting and manufacturing and social and recreational\nfacilities for comfortable living to every citizen)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Q<\/strong>ualifications\nand Assumptions by the author<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. The author is not aware of the present ground situation<\/em><\/li>
  2. Believes that a part of the infrastructure needs mentioned\nbelow are in existence but not necessarily inter connected<\/em><\/li>
  3. Aware that agronomical activities are going on but without\nthe necessary support services that are necessary<\/em><\/li>
  4. Assumes that adding value to agricultural produce to the final\nmarket is limited<\/em><\/li>
  5. Believes that there is no\nsophisticated processing of goods to the local and export market  <\/em><\/li>
  6. Structure is not adequate\nto meet what is proposed here<\/em><\/li>
  7. Believes that product\nplanning and marketing of finished goods is weak or non-existent.<\/em><\/li>
  8. Believes that the farming\ncommunity and the entrepreneur circles do not have a coherent structure or plan<\/em><\/li>
  9. Aware that a coherent\nadministrative system existed under the British rule to cater to their\nmercantile interests and unfortunately due to political expediency this\nexcellent system without being adopted to suit new independent Sri Lanka was\njerry meandered and torn apart.<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    The process of economic development with special emphasis on agroindustry\nand poverty alleviation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The\neconomic advancement of a country depends on three critical parameters. <\/strong>They\nare;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • 1. A motivated workforce, <\/li>
    • 2. Efficient infrastructure\nfacilities, <\/li>
    • 3. A dedicated\nadministrative structure<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      •  Critical Parameter 1.\n–  A motivated workforce<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        The\ndifferent facets of human development, motivating people and making them\nproductive and goal oriented are based on the well renowned and tested theories\nof psychologists\/behavioral scientists over the years.  In order for us to succeed we must pay heed to\nthe observations of these experts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

         In my opinion, any leader, be they, Civil,\nMilitary or Political, need to listen and comprehend and thereafter be guided\nby their observations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Over the last 80 years, most developed\ncountries, as well as, fast developing countries have followed them and\nbenefitted in areas such as military strategy, economic development and\ncivilian administration<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        I have highlighted in this conceptual paper, the motivational theories of\nfour leading members of this group so as to give a background on human behavior\nin relation to what is proposed here<\/strong> (see appendix 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Based\non the factors introduced here by the four renowned thinkers our planners and\nmovers can lay the foundations for success and longevity of this initiative\nArthika Dupath<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        as\u201d\n(It is important to read Appendix 1 before you\ncontinue to read the rest of the paper)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The\nprocess of economic advancement depends, not alone, on rules and regulations,\nsweat and labor, but also, on the basic and secondary human needs of both the\nadministrators and the target group namely, the citizens. This is the reason\nI have highlighted the theories of the four leading thinkers of human psychology\nand motivation (appendix 1) so that the planners and administrators could evaluate\ntheir own status as well those of the target group and utilize these findings\non motivation so that they will be guided by them when executing this project\nor any other project<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Therefore,\nany plan needs to cater to their human needs, such as, comfort, security,\nsafety, relaxation, togetherness, laughter, camaraderie, fear for their children\u2019s\nfuture and   security of work environment. Given below are\nexamples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        • Comfort<\/strong>: Many households and homesteads\nin the countryside do not have the space for relaxation in their homes due to\nlimited space<\/li>
        • Security & safety<\/strong>: Many do not have a\nsecure place to leave the children while they work, store their valuables, emergency\ncall system in case of illness or accidents, nursing care, among others<\/li>
        • Relaxation<\/strong>: In the villages\nrelaxation is limited due to cost of facilities such as TV, video, music\nsystems etc.<\/li>
        • Togetherness:<\/strong> This is limited due to\nlong hours of work, chores of fetching water, washing clothes among others<\/li>
        • Laughter<\/strong>. Due to heavy every day\nburdens this is limited<\/li>
        • Camaraderie:<\/strong> this normally develops in\nthe workplace and continues thereafter but is limited due to work pressure and\ncultural barriers<\/li>
        • Children\u2019s future<\/strong>: Most parents wish to\ngive their children access to better education than they had but this is\nlimited in the country side. This is available in the cities, towns, the village\nschools do not have adequate teachers on the STEM system (science, technology, engineering\nand mathematics) neither do they have, well equipped laboratory facilities and\nthe required infrastructure.<\/li>
        • Security of work\nenvironment<\/strong>:  the systems available in the\ncountryside are weak and lopsided in areas, such as, infrastructure facilities,\nstorage facilities, transport systems, cool rooms, and repair workshops.  There are no schemes for forward guarantee,\nfair pricing and guaranteed purchase schemes of the crops and products at\nharvest time. On the side of post-harvest  \nactivities scant attention is given to selection of quality products,\nmodern packaging, semi and full processing of products. This contributes to\nwaste and spoilage as much as 40% of the produce before it reaches the consumer<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          What\nwe really need is a new way of thinking to overcome all these deficiencies.  The concept proposed below is to develop\nsatellite facility centers ARTHIKA DUPATAs\u201d (ADs) that cater to the target\ngroup, administrators, planners and the general population as a whole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          •  Critical Parameter 2. –  Efficient Infrastructure Networks<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            (2a) Administrative buildings<\/strong> (existing buildings could be\nutilized, if available) for various administrative activities. The permanent\nadministrators, technical staff, teachers and other professionals will reside\npermanently in the houses that are provided in the special housing schemes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2b) Health care facilities: <\/strong>This wouldconsist of a  General Hospital, An Ayurveda hospital\ncomplex,  Maternity care center, infant\nmilk feeding center,  Cr\u00e8che, Day care\ncenter, Seniors\u2019  home and care centers\namong others<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2c) Police Post and Court complex, correction facilities <\/strong>and other legal facilities<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2d) Library<\/strong> and reading facilities with computer backup<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2e) Outdoor and indoor recreational and Sports facilities<\/strong> such as volleyball,\nbadminton, basketball, tennis, swimming etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Indoor recreation facilities such as <\/strong>board games, carrom, darts, chess,\ndraughts, table tennis, among others. These facilities to be available to all\ncitizens in the \u2018Arthika Dupathas\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Musical center<\/strong> catering to those inclined to learn to play musical\ninstruments, to sing and learn various dance forms.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2f) Banking and other financial facilities <\/strong>such as Development banking,\nCommercial Banking, micro finance facilities, financial advisory centers among\nothers <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2g) Industrial complex<\/strong> with facilities for milling, grinding, forging, welding, arc\nfurnace, blacksmiths, wood working among others.  A dedicated facility for canning, aseptic\npackaging, crushing, mincing, juicing and bottling facilities, semi processing\nproducts, freeze packaging among others, where entrepreneurs, farmers and\ngrowers and small businesses could use these  \nfacilities under supervision on a usage-based time payment basis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Medium\nto large scale Processing and Production facilities in partnership with the\nprivate sector to manufacture finished products such as fruit juices, other\nbeverages, different types of sauces, jams and preservatives, milk and meat\nproducts   both for the export market and\nthe local market<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2h<\/strong>)\nEfficient road network, transport system and communication network<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2i) Agrarian Center <\/strong>to propagate and sell plants and seedlings, plant nurseries,\ncompost organic soils, agricultural tools and gardening implements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2j) Educational facilities such as,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            A Senior\/ Secondary\/ Primary school<\/strong> (a la Royal College). Existing\nschools if any could be upgrade with state-of-the-art laboratory facilities and\nproficient and experienced teachers. Encourage top grade teachers to\npermanently reside here, special allowances such as distress allowance, free\ntravel facilities to be provided. Apart from all the welfare facilities such\nas, subsidized\/free housing, social and recreational facilities mentioned\nelsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2k) Agri Skills training and Demonstration Centre<\/strong> for training of better\nfarming methods, preparation of fertilizer, skill training  in apiary( bee keeping), aqua culture\n(aquarium fish), sericulture (silk worm rearing), animal husbandry, manufacture\nof milk products such as cheese, yoghurt, curd, butter, weaving and reed ware\netc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2 l) Technical school<\/strong> to teach theory and practice in technical and technological fields<\/p>\n\n\n\n

             (2m) Skills training Centre<\/strong> based on the German\nGymnasium system. In this system basic skills training is divided into 120 job\ncategories such as, scientific sewing, hair dressing, personals care, culinary\nwork, book keeping, draughtsmanship, secretarial work, woodwork, carpentry,\nlathing, welding and soldering, electrical work, electronics, animal husbandry,\namong others<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2n) Religious facilities<\/strong>: Places of worship for all faiths with assembly halls\nfor children\u2019s religious education<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2o) Social facilities Centre<\/strong> such as theatre, film center,\nfacility for weddings, receptions and social gatherings, meeting rooms for\nconferences and workshops<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2p) Last rites facilities:<\/strong> funeral parlous and crematoriums and cemeteries,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2q) Food catering Center: Mixed food court<\/strong> (like in Singapore) where the common\nman and the high official can eat in the same environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2r) Storage facilities<\/strong> such as, large warehouses, silos for paddy and pulses, corn,\nsemi processed products such as cassava chips, pepper, cinnamon etc. Cool rooms\nfor tobacco leaves for export, canned fruits and juices, medicinal plants,\namong others<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2s) Housing complexes<\/strong> for all administrative staff, teachers and other\nprofessional staff so that they live on a permanent basis while they are employed\nin the AD<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2t) A mixed market place<\/strong>. Market stalls for fresh vegetables, fruits and a wet\nmarket for meat and fish, a market for dry goods groceries together with\nfacilities for a weekly \u2018pola\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2u) Water Body<\/strong>: If there is an existing lake (\u2018weva\u2019) to be improved.  In the absence of one, to create a water body\nfor example, by damning a river or building an aqueduct to transport water from\nanother water source <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2v) Waste processing and disposal Centre <\/strong>for proper sanitation environmental\ncare<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2w) Solar farms <\/strong>to generate electricity for the total complex<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2x) Rain harvesting system <\/strong>to conserve water to be used for non-drinking purposes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            (2y) Bio gas production unit, incinerators etc., <\/strong>where agricultural and\nother waste could be converted into gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Most\nof the towns in our target areas came up unplanned, as such, the farming\ncommunity, micro, small and medium business community self-employed people and\ntown administrators who live around these towns do not have a planned network\nto interlink their work. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

             All requirement s stated above may not be\npresent currently. Therefore, an attempt needs to be made to coordinate\nexisting activities and bridge the gaps with the introduction of additional\nutilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            •  Critical Parameter 3 –   A dedicated\nAdministrative Structure<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              Action Plan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              What\nis planned here is a dedicated environment with planners executors, responsible\nadministrators in all fields, working in coordination with the target\npopulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              A\nWorking Plan (WP)<\/strong> to be devised with a Mission, planned specific   activities, role of the administrators and\nthe target groups,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Therefore,\nthe Working Plan (WP)<\/strong> would consist of <\/p>\n\n\n\n

               (i)   <\/strong>Mission\/project objectives<\/p>\n\n\n\n

               (ii)   <\/strong>Activities to achieve\nobjectives<\/p>\n\n\n\n

               (iii)  <\/strong>Work hours needed to achieve all activities<\/p>\n\n\n\n

               (iv)  <\/strong>Estimated total project expenses, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

               (v)  <\/strong>Monitoring and evaluation systems, and<\/p>\n\n\n\n

               (vi)  <\/strong>Expected total benefits<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (vii) <\/strong>Ripple effects<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              The\nplan should be accepted and endorsed by all through seminars, people\nparticipation work groups, fact finding discussions etc. The target population\nshould be aware off all the activities and benefits and believe that they have\ncontributed to the plan <\/p>\n\n\n\n

              The administrators chosen for the task force must be knowledgeable,\ndedicated and motivated to give off their best continuously.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              WP (i) Project objective\/mission<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              To\nset up comprehensive package of facilities for less developed areas in the\ncountry in order to enhance to the maximum all aspect of human life both social\nand economic. This in turn will bring benefits to the total economy of the\ncountry.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

              WP (ii) Activities to achieve objective<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              •  Selection of target area.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                 Initially the district areas to be identified\nare from the periphery as they are more isolated as against districts with\nmajor towns and better infrastructure. A tentative list is given below (later\nto be prioritized by the project planners)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Hambantota,\nMonaragala, Ampara, Batticaloa, Trincomalee ,Mullaitivu, Killinochi,\nPolonaruwa, Anuradhapura, Mannar, Puttlam.and the balance districts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Initially, one Arthika Dupatha to be established in one District\nas a pilot project. The location to be carefully selected avoiding any major\ntowns already developed <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (a)\nIdentify already existing buildings and infrastructure facilities that are\ncurrently available that can be altered and utilized for the activities 2a\nto 2y<\/strong> mentioned above.  If any are inadequate\nor absent, then new facilities to be added or constructed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (b).\nIdentify activities that bring economic benefits. These will be influenced by\nwhat is feasible in the specific area. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Given\nbelow are examples (see appendix 2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (Please read appendix 2 before proceeding)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (\nc) Administrative action<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (i)Define\nowner farmers and registered growers their extension of land, what is presently\ngrown and the average quantity in every harvest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (ii)  Invite private sector to invest in medium and\nlarge farms, individually or in cooperation with local entrepreneurs and land\nowners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (iii)Based\non an overall plan, give contracts for production based on specific quantities\nneeded in the market so that oversupply does not reduce prices, create\nwastage\/spoilage, lead to protests and demonstrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (iv)  Provide extension such as business and\ntechnical advice, provision of top-quality seeds and seedlings (young plants),\nencourage organic fertilizer, facilitate implements on loan from the Implements\nLoan bank. Provide agricultural extension in all areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (v)  In the case of animal husbandry, provide top quality\n(good stock) milch cows (calves), kids (goats), sheep(lamb), pigs (piglets}\npullets(chicks), ducklings and veterinary extension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (vi)   Provide financial facilities to purchase\nlivestock, seed, seedlings fertilizer, farm implements, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (vii)   Provide collection and storage facilities,\ninculcate good packaging techniques among others. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (viii)  Guarantees for all producers. These\nfundamental assurances mentioned below will be crucial especially during\nharvest time such as, storage facilities, buy back at farm gate, transport into\ncool rooms all perishable items, fixed prices, buy back guarantees with prices\nmutually agreed upon  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (ix)   Organize\nfactory production in the complex for products such as fruit juices and\ncordials, jams, preservatives, pickles, condiments, frozen goods, meat and\npoultry by products, milk products using state of the art packaging techniques\nsuch as aseptic packaging (tetra pack), frozen packs, bottling and tin cans, so\nthat all grown and produced items and their by- products are made ready for\nlocal and international market<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (x)\nTo aid micro businesses, organize Business Cocoons (a concept introduced by,\nthe author in South Africa) see appendix 3 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (xi)\nBring back the old \u2018Rajakariya\u201d system, i.e., compulsory voluntary work from\nall citizens. Suggest that each citizen to provide 7 days free labor\/work per\nyear for the government).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Examples\nof what they can provide, are cleaning the environment, tree planting, painting\nbuildings, cutting drainage canals, clearing roads and beaches of debris,\nteaching, manning day care centers, teaching English, providing sewing classes\netc., <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (xii)\nEnvironment friendly activities; organize a tree planting campaign on all roads\n(both sides) as well as on the boundaries of rivers, reservoirs and other water\nbodies, with a mixture of selected trees that has economic and environmental\nbenefits.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Examples\nare,  Food <\/strong>trees ( Jak, Bread\nfruit, etc.), medicinal<\/strong> (\u2018aralu\u2019,\u2019bulu,\u2019 etc) hard woods<\/strong> (Teak,\nMahogany , etc.,), soft woods<\/strong> (\u2018lunumidella,\u2019 kapok, etc), flowering\ntrees<\/strong> (Jacaranda, Flamboyant, etc), shade trees<\/strong> (\u2018mara,\u2019 \u2018nuga\u2019\netc,). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (xiii)\nPlan and execute and back up for all items mentioned in 2a to 2y previously<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (xiv)\nDevelop planning charts for every activity (templates available with the writer.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                C. Total work hours needed<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Prepare\ncharts showing activity, work-hours of each individual involved with planning,\nexecution and monitoring, time span for completion, monitoring and evaluation <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Projections\nfor work hours needed would include work hours of each individual both\nadministrative, supervision, labour hours for every activity from commencement\nto completion. Please note accurate assessment of total work hours is\ncritical for cost calculations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                D. Cost Calculations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Calculate\nthe cost of each activity which would include, capital goods, raw materials,\ntransport, intermediate goods, processing, storage, livestock, factory time\nprocessing into finished and semi-finished goods, packaging marketing costs\netc. Add total work hours for every given activity.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                There\nare many ways in finding funds for the activities, Possible fund sources are\nGovernment development funds already demarcated to the area, Foreign Aid from\nWorld Bank, Asian Development  Bank,\nfunds from the private sector, Donor funds from different countries, such as,\nUSAID (USA) GTZ (Germany) CIDA and IDRC (Canada) JAICA(Japan) Sasakwa\nfoundation (Japan) SIDA (Sweden) FINNIDA (Finland), DANIDA (Denmark) British AID\n( UK)  AUS AID (Australia), Development\nAid from  India, China, Russia, among\nothers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Funds\nfrom local billionaires, millionaires, benefactors, investors and other\nphilanthropists<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                E. Monitoring and evaluation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                M\n& E will be based on the activity charts mentioned above. Depending on the\nactivity the monitoring group will monitor and evaluate on a weekly, monthly,\nquarterly basis. If issues arise on projects such as disease and pestilence,\nbreakdowns and any other unplanned or unexpected cause, course correction will\nplace at these M&E meetings<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                F. Total Expected Benefits would include<\/strong>, among others<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                • Appreciation of good benevolent administration\/\ngovernment,  <\/li>
                • A development model that can be copied, <\/strong><\/li>
                • Agro based industry centric administrative system<\/li>
                • A well-knit and functioning administrativesystem, <\/li>
                • Multiple benefits to the whole economy, <\/li>
                • Alleviation of poverty especially among the rural poor,  <\/li>
                • Income generation especially among the youth and women, <\/li>
                • A satisfied populace in every aspect of life, <\/li>
                • New income generation activities for all, <\/li>
                • Social welfare and recreational facilities, <\/li>
                • Health care for all, <\/li>
                • Constructive law and order for all, <\/li>
                •  Affordable housing\nbased on income differences,  <\/li>
                • Better state of the art education in all relevant fields, <\/li>
                • Technical job training, <\/li>
                • Job Specific skills training, \n<\/li>
                •  Business\nopportunities, <\/li>
                • Financial intermediaries catering to all entrepreneurs<\/li>
                •  New entrepreneurship\navenues, <\/li>
                •  Raw material banks to\nfacilitate easy access to raw materials,<\/li>
                •  Farm implement and\ntools banks for hiring of implements <\/li>
                •  Continuous industrial\nand agricultural extension activities,<\/li>
                •  Planned cultivation\nschedules based on market demand, <\/li>
                •  Efficient harvesting,\nprocessing and storage facilities, <\/li>
                •  State of the art\nmanufacturing facilities, <\/li>
                •  Industrial cocoons to\nbreed new entrepreneurs,  <\/li>
                • Guaranteed buy back mechanisms for all produce,<\/li>
                •  <\/strong>Internal and external\nmarketing and sales structure, <\/li>
                •  Income\/Profits for all\nfarmers,<\/li>
                •  Adequate and efficient\ntransport systems, <\/li>
                • Fully employed productive labour ,<\/li>
                •  Supplementary service\nproviders,  <\/li>
                • New entrepreneurs,<\/li>
                •  New income generating\nactivities for women at home,<\/li>
                •  Self-employed individuals\nthrough the cocoon system, <\/li>
                •  New stay at home\nentrepreneurs,<\/li>
                • Sub-contracting networks, among others<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  Ripple effects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  • Ripple effects would be that all involved in the AD,\nindividuals, men, women and children be they administrators, service givers,\nschool goers living in the AD will reach their maximum motivation and\nsatisfaction levels as described earlier under the analysis of the 4 psychologists\n(appendix1)  <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                    For\nexample,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs<\/strong> (refer back) they would have achieved needs  such as physical, safety and social,  reaching towards self- esteem and self-actualization\nneeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Herzberg\u2019s, both hygiene and motivator factors<\/strong> will be imbibed by most\nof the participants both from the administration and private sector partners,\nas well as, rest of the people involved in the programme<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    McGregor\u2019s Theory X and Y<\/strong>.  In this case,\nthose falling into the group under theory X will be compelled to fall in line\nas the government and the private sector will need to impose a management\nsystem of coercion, control and punishment to achieve goals defined in the\nprogram and those who fall into the category of Theory Y the rewards and\nbenefits of the project will be the main motivator<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    McClelland\u2019s Needs theory of motivation<\/strong> will satisfy those who desire the\nneed for affiliation, while those seeking the need for power will have their\nobjectives fulfilled. Those who desire the need for achievement will benefit\nmost. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                     In terms of the people and the\ncountry <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    • For the first time since independence a permanent solution to\ndevelopment of the country will be in force.<\/strong><\/li>
                    • When people have regular income and all other needs are\nsatisfied there will not be a need for insurrection, revolutions, mass\nprotests, nor will they want to spend their time in protests <\/li>
                    • People will not migrate to the cities in search of jobs which\nwill reduce slum dwellings and reduce crime and the drug menace<\/li>
                    • Government handouts will be less and the proposal is a boost\nfor poverty alleviation as anyone without employment will be absorbed into the\nsystem<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      Appendix 1:          <\/strong>HOW DO YOU MOTIVATE PEOPLE<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      1. Abraham   Maslow\u2019s* Hierarchy of Needs<\/strong> in his treatise on theory\nof human motivation (1943). He described human needs in ascending order as<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                        Basic Needs <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        • i)  Physical, being the need for air, water, rest,\nhealth and physiological as breathing, food, water, sex, homeostats, excretion\nand warmth.<\/li>
                        • ii)  Safety and security of body, employment, resources,\nmorality, family, health, shelter, stability, property, protection, order, law,\nlimits and stability<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                          Psychological needs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          • iii. Social, Love,\nbelonging<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                            Need\nfor:  being loved, belonging, inclusion.\nFriendship, family, sexual intimacy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            • iv. Esteem, Ego<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                              Need\nfor: self-esteem, power, recognition, Prestige, Confidence, Achievement,\nRespect of others, respect by others, Feeling of achievement<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                               <\/strong>Self-fulfillment needs                       <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              • v. Self-actualization<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                Need\nfor: Development, morality, creativity, spontaneity, lack of prejudice,\nacceptance of facts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                *Abram\nMaslow, US Physiologist (1908 to 1970) best known for his theory of Human\nmotivation ((1943) Hierarchy of needs and Self Actualization<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                2. Fredrick Herzberg\u2019 s* Two factor theory of motivation- Hygiene factors\nand Motivator factors.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                •  Hygiene factors<\/strong>: salaries, wages and\nother benefits, company policy and administration, good interpersonal\nrelationships, quality of supervision, job security, working conditions (when\nin place) they result in general satisfaction and prevention of dissatisfaction<\/li>
                                •  Motivator factors<\/strong>: Sense of personal\nAchievement, Status, Recognition, Challenging\/Stimulating work, Responsibility,\nOpportunity for Advancement, Promotion and growth (when in place) they result\nin High motivation, High Satisfaction and Strong commitment<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                  *Fredrick\nHerzberg. Behavioral scientist (1923-200 best known for his Two Factor Theory\nof Motivation (1959)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  3. Douglas McGregor\u2019s Theory X and Y<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  • Theory X <\/li>
                                  • Individuals who dislike work and avoid it whenever possible.<\/li>
                                  • Individuals who lack ambition dislike responsibility and\nprefer to be led<\/li>
                                  •  iii. Individuals who\ndesire security.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                    The management implications for theory X workers to achieve\norganizational (development) objectives a business (government) need to impose\na management system of coercion, control, and punishment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                    • Theory Y <\/li>
                                    • individuals consider effort at work as just like Rest and\nplay<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                      They\nare people who do not dislike work. Depending on the working conditions, work\ncould be considered a source of satisfaction or punishment<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      The management implications for theory Y workers are that ,to achieve\norganization objectives  of rewards of\nvarying kinds are likely to be the  most\npopular motivator. Hence the challenge for management (administration) is to\ncreate a working environment (culture)where workers can show and develop their\ncreativity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      *Douglas\nMcGregor, (1906-1964) management professor at MIT Sloan School of management<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                       Famous for his Theory X and Y on Human work\nmotivation (1960)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      David Mc Leland\u2019s * Need theory of Motivation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      • Need for Affiliation<\/li>
                                      •  Need for power<\/li>
                                      •  Need for achievement<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                        Those\nin category one<\/em><\/strong> wants to belong to the group, wants to be liked\nand will go along with whatever the rest of the group wants to do <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        Those\nin category Two<\/em><\/strong>, Want control and influence others, like to win\narguments, enjoy competition and winning and enjoys status and recognition<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        Those\nin Category Three<\/em><\/strong>, Sets and accomplishes challenging goals, take\ncalculated risks, like to receive regular feedback on their progress and\nachievement, likes to work alone<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        *David\nMcClelland ( 1917 to 1998)Professor of Psychology Harvard University noted for\nhis work on Motivation need theory(1961)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        APPENDIX 2    –   <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        • Paddy cultivation<\/strong>, identify a few high yielding\nvarieties that are popular with the consumers.  \nThere are serious inefficiencies here which need to be addressed such\nas, usage of land left fallow during the seasons when soil enriching other\ncrops could be grown, wasteful irrigation, haphazard  use of fertilizer, primitive methods of\nsowing, weeding, too many bunds wasting cultivable land due to the ande\u201d\nsystem and  ownership issues, labour\nintensive harvesting and threshing, primitive drying methods, bad  bagging\/packaging and storage. (see an\nalternative proposal in Appendix 4)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                          • Cash crops<\/strong> such as onions, chilies, seed potatoes, potatoes, yams,\ncassava, sweet potatoes, pulses, soya beans, corn, maize, coriander mustard.\nMung beans, cowpea, Ginger, fenugreek, All varieties of vegetables and gourds\nsuch as water \/honey melons, pumpkins, Maringa, among others<\/li>
                                          • Fruit farms<\/strong> (both for export and local consumption), such as, mango,\npapaya, banana, pineapple, durian, rambutan, sour sap, oranges grapefruit,\npears, grapes, apples, star fruit, dragon fruit, guavas, straw berries, passion\nfruit, pomegranate, tomatoes, limes and lemons,<\/li>
                                          • Spice farms<\/strong> such as cinnamon, nutmeg, pepper, cardamom, cloves among\nothers abandoned land\/under cultivated\/uncultivated land to be acquired and\nleased or sold in 5acre blocks to private sector farmers to grow spices for\nexport (contracts to be sought with spice giants such as McCormic Co of Canada\nor USA. <\/li>
                                          • Raw material for small business, <\/strong>cane, reeds, \u2018paang, cactus \u2018patok\u2019\n\u2018bata\u2019, bamboo, water hyacinth to be used in manufacture of reed ware baskets, mats,\nbags, hats and other accessories<\/li>
                                          • Animal husbandry<\/strong>, cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, chicken, duck<\/li>
                                          • Tree fruits<\/strong> such as coconut, breadfruit, jak, durian, Pomelo, avocado,\u2019\ngoraka\u2019, tamarind, areca nut, wood apple, \u2018beli\u2019 fruit, among others<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Vegetables of all varieties<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                              • Other possible projects<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                Seri\nculture( silk work rearing), apiculture (bee keeping), aqua culture (fish\nbreeding in lakes and other water bodies), \nedible sea fish breeding in netted cages in the estuaries, mangrove\nswamp crocodile farming ( for their skins for export) aquarium fish breeding (for\nexport) edible frog farming for frog legs export, deer and goat farming for\nexport ,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                *The\nauthor is experienced in leading and introducing such projects in many\ncountries abroad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                • Micro and Small business. <\/strong>In fields such as,reed ware,\nbasket ware, <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                  brassware,\nironware, copperware, wood products, bamboo and reed products, clay, stone and cement-based\nproducts, among others. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  • Service industry: <\/strong>electrical and electronic repairs,\nvehicle repairs, cellphone networksetc.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                    Appendix 3 \u2013 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                   THE INDUSTRIAL\nCOCOON CONCEPTS        <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    A\ncocoon is woven by butterflies to grow its young and from this cocoon emerges a\nbeautiful butterfly. Similarly, we can nurture our aspiring entrepreneurs in a\nbusiness cocoon to become successful entrepreneurs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    The concept<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    The\nconcept although similar to industrial estates, business hives, industrial\nparks and incubators is somewhat different. For many years, countries have set\nup industrial parks, estates but they have not been efficient or successful due\nto many reasons<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    Why a Cocoon?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    The\nidea of a cocoon was developed to replace some of the shortcomings of the other\nalternatives. The cocoon is a place where micro or small businesses are\nassisted with working space, raw materials technical knowhow, machine and tools\non hire, other utilities such as, electricity, water, effluent treatment, rest\nroom  facilities, first aid center,\ntraining services, RD facilities, fire and hazard control, finances, product\ndesign and quality and a market for the product through advance buying\ncontracts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    They\ncould be clustered as single product cocoon<\/strong>  (e.g. straw hats, bamboo table mats, reed\nslippers) different products from the same raw material<\/strong> cocoon<\/strong>,(e.g.\nekle bread baskets, ekle place mats, ekle blinds, ekle artificial flower stems)\nhandloom weaving etc., different parts to create a final product<\/strong> cocoon\n<\/strong>(e.g. leather belts which is leather, metal buckles, decorative metal\nstuds, locking buttons, belt pouches etc.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    The cocoon will have facilities as per diagram attached<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                                                    How\ndo you plan the venture?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    1. Location and Premises.<\/strong>   Least\nexpensive and simplest would be to utilize vacant (not in use) buildings such\nas warehouses, railway yard buildings, old factory buildings etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    Another\noption would be, used and discarded containers, making them habitable by adding\na roof and cutting doors and windows <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    More\nexpensive would be constructing large hangers where factory space could be\ndemarcated as per diagram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    2. Skills training<\/strong>.  Short Training of\nentrepreneur skills for 15 days. Skills training on product processing 15 days<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                     3. Utilities<\/strong>.  such as, water, electricity, communication\nfacilities, waste disposal, firefighting equipment among others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    4.   Manpower needs<\/strong>. Government\/private\nsector administrator, first aid nurse and attendant, one or two entrepreneurs\nto act as providers of raw materials one entrepreneur as provider of tools for\nhire, another entrepreneur as security and firefighting, IDB consultants for\nbusiness extension and advice, another entrepreneur to run a trading house to market\nthe goods<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    5.  Entrepreneurs<\/strong> select 20 to 40 micro and\nsmall entrepreneurs to produce goods<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                     6. \nContracts<\/strong>, develop contracts to be signed by each and every\nparticipant identifying each one roles and obligations, limits and authorities<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                     7. Moving to their new locations<\/strong> after\n3 years where they are provided for a fee their new premises within 300 to 1000\nmeters with access to all the facilities at the center, which will be for\nanother 2 years<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                     8. During these 3 + 2 years the\nentrepreneurs are guided<\/strong> in areas such as saving from profits, opening a\nbank account and establishing good relations with banks, instructions on how to\nsave and invest for the future, establishing good relation with buyers and\nsuppliers of goods and other institutions, Look for land, location, market area<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                     9. New batch<\/strong> is taken into the cocoon\nevery 3 years<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    10. Help<\/strong> is provided for the participants to move after the 5th<\/sup> year\nto other locations and expand their businesses<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    * This concept was conceptualized by the author and activated in South\nAfrica under a small business Development project<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                     Appendix 4     –  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                       A possible alternative for land\nutilization in the cultivation of rice (block farming) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    There is considerable waste in the\nfield of Agriculture in the cultivation of rice<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    For example, in the case of land\ndemarcated for Paddy cultivation, the concept of inheritance and decimation of\nland into minute blocks is totally uneconomical, leading to waste in land,\nlabor, water, fertilizer, apart from poor methodology of land use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    A possible way\nforward is Block farming*<\/strong>.   Amalgamating paddy lands into say 100-acre\nblocks.  A large stakeholder providing\nthe management and administration and in turn having a certain portion of\nshares in the company for their financial investment.   Every small holder farmer\/ owner who\nsubscribes, pledging their land to the company to be issued shares on land\nvalue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    The benefits to\nthe farmer are many folds, (i) holds ownership of land as well as being a\nshareholder of the company (ii) receives share of the profit  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    (iii) obtains\npermanent employment in the paddy estate with a daily wage for their labour(iv)\nbecomes exempt from all the laborious activities, of purchasing seed,\nfertilizer, insecticides and weedicides, manually ploughing the fields, sowing\nharvesting, security\/ guarding, financing, storing, marketing etc.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    The overall benefits\nwill be;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    1. intelligent\nuse of mechanized agriculture,<\/li>
                                                    2. water\nconservation,       <\/li>
                                                    3. efficient\nharvesting methods,<\/li>
                                                    4.  intelligent use and control of fertilizer,<\/li>
                                                    5.  pest control and prevention of vermin attack,<\/li>
                                                    6.  reduction and \/or elimination of spoilage,  <\/li>
                                                    7.  efficient scientific storage facilities,<\/li>
                                                    8.  the up gradation of farmer livelihoods,<\/li>
                                                    9.  improved scientific agriculture methods, <\/li>
                                                    10.  income generating short crops during the two\noff seasons,<\/li>
                                                    11.  benefit to the farmer through elimination of\nlost time, due to, ill         health,\npaucity of cash in finding funds for, seed paddy, fertilizer, storage, water\nand farm implements etc.,<\/li>
                                                    12.  growing of better varieties for export, <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                                       A feasibility study\nto be carried through a pilot project. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                       It may be worthwhile to look at the possibility of selecting\nthe land area under the Kattukurai kulam Resevoir, in the Puttalam district\nwhere paddy lands are to be allocated to selected farmers on a quotient basis (News<\/strong> item Ceylon Today 13th<\/sup> may 2020).  As a test case a private sector company could\nbe encouraged to involve themselves with the likely farmers as shareholders, as\nwell as, cultivators as suggested above<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                      Please refer also to<\/strong>   existing studies available at the Central\nBank and other Agriculture Research units and the Department of Agriculture on\nwastage in harvesting and transport, vermin\/rodent attacks on harvested paddy\netc. The perennial loss of cultivable best paddy lands. According to Dr A. Tennakoon\u2019s\nresearch, around 33% of the most suitable land is not cultivated due to the\n‘Thatu maru’ system which waste cultivable land on ownership boundaries\n(Niyaras)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                      *The writer introduced a similar scheme in Uganda for coffee small\nholders details available with him<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                       Author<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n