{"id":108418,"date":"2020-11-07T17:30:29","date_gmt":"2020-11-08T00:30:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lankaweb.com\/news\/items\/?p=108418"},"modified":"2020-11-07T17:30:29","modified_gmt":"2020-11-08T00:30:29","slug":"13-%e0%b7%80%e0%b6%b1-%e0%b7%83%e0%b6%82%e0%b7%81%e0%b7%9c%e0%b6%b0%e0%b6%b1%e0%b6%ba%e0%b7%9a-%e0%b6%b4%e0%b7%9c%e0%b6%bd%e0%b7%92%e0%b7%83%e0%b7%8a-%e0%b6%b6%e0%b6%bd%e0%b6%ad%e0%b6%bd-%e0%b6%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lankaweb.com\/news\/items\/2020\/11\/07\/13-%e0%b7%80%e0%b6%b1-%e0%b7%83%e0%b6%82%e0%b7%81%e0%b7%9c%e0%b6%b0%e0%b6%b1%e0%b6%ba%e0%b7%9a-%e0%b6%b4%e0%b7%9c%e0%b6%bd%e0%b7%92%e0%b7%83%e0%b7%8a-%e0%b6%b6%e0%b6%bd%e0%b6%ad%e0%b6%bd-%e0%b6%89\/","title":{"rendered":"13 \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0d82\u0dc1\u0ddc\u0db0\u0db1\u0dba\u0dda \u0db4\u0ddc\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dca \u0db6\u0dbd\u0dad\u0dbd: \u0d89\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0d85\u0db4\u0dd6\u0dbb\u0dd4 \u0db4\u0dcf\u0da9\u0db8\u0d9a\u0dca!"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0da0\u0db1\u0dca\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da2\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db8, LL.B., Ph.D.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n

\u0d89\u0dc4\u0dad \u0db8\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dd8\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0dba\u0da7\u0dad\u0dda \u0db8\u0dcf \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dd6\n\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca<\/strong>, 2009<\/strong> \u0da2\u0dd6\u0db1\u0dd2 <\/strong>22<\/strong> \u0daf\u0dcf \u0d85\u0dba\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0db1\u0dca\u0da9\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0db4\u0dad\u0dda\u0dad\u0dca<\/strong>  <\/strong>(http:\/\/pdfs.island.lk\/2009\/06\/22\/p6.pdf<\/a>), <\/strong>\u0d91\u0dc4\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0d82\u0dc1\u0ddc\u0db0\u0dd2\u0dad \u0d9a\u0ddc\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca <\/strong>2012<\/strong> \u0db4\u0dd9\u0db6\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dd2 <\/strong>15<\/strong> \u0daf\u0dd2\u0db1 \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db6\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db6\u0dca \u0d85\u0da9\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dda\u0dad\u0dca \u0db4\u0dbd\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba. \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dd3\u0db4\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dba\n\u0daf\u0dd0\u0db1\u0da7\u0dad\u0dca \u0d89\u0dad\u0dcf \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0daf\u0d9c\u0dad\u0dca\u200c\u0dba: (<\/strong>1) 13- <\/strong>\u0d92 \u0db4\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dc3\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0dc3\u0dd0\u0dc5\u0d9a\u0dd9\u0db1\n\u0daf\u0dba\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dca \u0da2\u0dba\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0d9a \u0db8\u0dc4\u0dad\u0dcf \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dd4\u0d9b<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db4\u0dbb\u0dab \u0dba\u0da7\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da2\u0dd2\u0dad \u0d9a\u0dd0\u0db6\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dda\n\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0d92\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dba\u0dda \u0d9a\u0dc5\u0dd4\u0dc3\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dca\u0daf\u0db1\u0dca\u0da7 \u0dc4\u0dd3\u0db1\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dba \u0d86\u0dbb\u0dd6\u0daa \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dda\u0dbd\u0dcf \u0d85\u0dc5\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0d8b\u0db4\u0dcf\u0dba \u0db8\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dca\u200c\u0d9c \u0daf\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc0\u0db1<\/strong>, <<\/strong>\u0db1\u0db1\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd0\u0da2\u0ddd\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dda\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>>, <<\/strong>\u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca.\u0da7\u0dd6.\u0db4\u0dd3<\/strong>> <\/strong>\u0d9a\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dca \u0d92\u0da2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dbd\u0dcf \n\u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db6\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd3 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd3. \u0db8\u0ddc\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db8\u0dda \u0daf\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dc0\u0dbd<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0daf\u0dd2\u0db1\u0db4\u0dad\u0dcf\u0db8 \u0dc0\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dda<\/strong>, 13-<\/strong>\u0d92 \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0d89\u0d82\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0dc3\u0dd2 \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dd2\n\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dba\u0db8\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db1\u0dd0\u0d9c\u0dd3 \u0d91\u0db1 \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd\u0db6\u0dde\u0daf\u0dca\u200c\u0db0 \u0d85\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca  \u0d89\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dda \u0d9c\u0ddd\u0da8\u0dcf\u0db7\u0dba\u0d9c\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d89\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db8\u0ddd\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0dbd\u0dc0\u0dcf <\/strong>13-<\/strong>\u0d92 \u0dbb\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0d9c\u0dad \u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dba\u0dba\u0dd2 \u0dad\u0dbb\u0dca\u200c\u0d9a\n\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd3. \u0db8\u0dd9\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dcf \u0da7\u0dd3\u200c.\u0d91\u0db1\u0dca.\u0d92. \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0dca\u0db1\u0dda\u0dc2\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db4\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0dbd\u0db8\u0dca\n\u0d91\u0d9a\u0db8\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0da7\u0db1\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dbd \u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dba\u0dba\u0dd2 \u0daf\u0dba\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dca \u0d94\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\u0da7 \u0d8b\u0db4\u0daf\u0dd9\u0dc3\u0dca \u0daf\u0dd9\u0db8\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd3.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) <\/strong>\u0d85\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db1\u0db8\u0dca <\/strong>2015-19<\/strong> \u0dba\u0dc4\u0db4\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0db1\u0dba\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0d89\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dc0 \u0d89\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dcf\n\u0db4\u0dac\u0dbb\u0dd0\u0dbd\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dd9\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dca\u200c\u0db0 \u0db4\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dc2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dad \u0db4\u0dc4\u0d9a\u0da7 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db1\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0db8\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db6\u0dc0 \u0d94\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\u0d9c\u0dda \u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\n\u0db4\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dd3\u0dba\u0dcf\u0db8\u0dba. \u0db8\u0ddc\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca \u0dbb\u0da7 \u0dbb\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db1\u0ddc\u0dc0 \u0d9a\u0dd4\u0db8\u0dab \u0d85\u0d9a\u0dca\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d9a\u0ddc\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1\u0dcf \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dab\u0dd3 \u0d8b\u0da9\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc4\u0ddd<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d86\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0db6\u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0dad\u0db8 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dba\u0dba\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dad\u0db1<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0daf\u0dba\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dca \u0dad\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dba\u0dcf\u0da0\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dad\u0db1 \u0db6\u0dcf\u0dbd-\u0db8\u0dc4\u0dc5\u0dd4 \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0d9a\u0dca\u200c\u0dba. \u0d92 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf\n\u0daf\u0dba\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0da7 \u0daf\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dad\u0dca\u0dad\u0dbb \u0d94\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\u0da7\u0daf \u0d85\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dba. \u0d94\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dcf (\u0d85\u0daf\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dda\u0d9a\u0dbb \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dad\u0dc0 \u0d9a\u0dd3\u0db4\u200c\u0daf\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dd4\u0da7\n\u0d85\u0db8\u0dad\u0dbb\u0dc0)<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d86\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dd4\u0db4\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dc2\u0dba\u0dda \u0db8\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd3 \u0db4\u0d82\u0da0\u0dc3\u0dca\u0d9a\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0db0 \u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dcf \u0daf\u0dd0\u0db1\u0d9c\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dda \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2\n\u0dc0\u0da7\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0db8\u0dba.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) <\/strong>\u0dc3\u0db8\u0dc4\u0dbb \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0db8\u0dd9\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd3 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0daf\u0d9c\u0dad\u0dca\u0db8 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab \u0db1\u0db8\u0dca \u0daf\u0dd0\u0db1\u0da7 \u0db4\u0dad\u0dca\u0d9a\u0dbb \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dae\u0dcf\n\u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db4\u0dcf\u0daf\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200c\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0d9a\u0db8\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db8\u0dcf\u0da2\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca <\/strong>9<\/strong> \u0daf\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca <\/strong>8<\/strong> \u0d9a\u0dca \u0daf\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd3\u0dad\u0dd3\u0da5\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dba. \u0dbb\u0da7\u0dda \u0d89\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dba \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db7\u0dd6\u0d9c\u0ddd\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0 \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dc5\u0dd2\u0db9\u0db3\u0dc0\n\u0d94\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\u0da7 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0daf\u0dd0\u0dab\u0dd4\u0db8\u0da7 \u0d85\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dc0 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dba\u0dba. \u0db4\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dd0\u0dbd\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0dda \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc2\u0dba\u0dba\u0db1\u0dca \u0daf\u0dd9\u0d9a \u0d89\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8\n\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd6\u0dba\u0dda \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dcf \u0d85\u0d9c\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dba\u0dda \u0db6\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dca\u0daf\u0dd3\u0db1\u0dca \u0d87\u0db8\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dba\u0da7\u0dad\u0dda\u0dba. \u0d87\u0db8\u0dd9\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd3\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc1\u0dd2\u0dc2\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dba\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\n\u0db1\u0db8\u0dca \u0d8a\u0da7 \u0db4\u0dd9\u0dbb \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dad\u0dca \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dae\u0db8 \u0d8b\u0db4\u0dcf\u0db0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda\u0daf\u0dd3 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dda \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dad. \u0db8\u0dda \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda\n\u0db1\u0dd3\u0dad\u0dd2\u0da5\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db1\u0dd3\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dba \u0db1\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dbb\u0dda\u0dbd\u0dca\u0db4\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dda \u0dba\u0db1 \u0d9a\u0ddd\u0da0\u0dca\u0da0\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dba.   \u0d94\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dc0\u0ddb\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca \u0d85\u0dad\u0dbb \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dc3\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dad. \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dba\u0d9c\u0dd2\u0dba<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbb<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db8\u0dc4\u0dcf\u0da0\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dd3. \u0da2\u0dd3 \u0dc0\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0db8\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\n\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0db8\u0dd3\u0da7 \u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dda\u0d9a\u0dc0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dba \u0d87\u0dad\u0dca\u0dad\u0dda \u0dc3\u0dd4\u0dc5\u0dd4 \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0d9a\u0dd2. \u0d9a\u0db8\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0d89\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0ddc\u0dc5\u0db9 \u0dbd\u0ddd \u0dc6\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dca\u0da7\u0dd2 \u0d91\u0d9a\u0dda\n\u0d85\u0dba\u0daf \u0dbb\u0dda\u0dbd\u0dca\u0db4\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dda\u0db8 \u0d9c\u0dd2\u0dba \u0d85\u0dba \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dc3<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d91\u0dc4\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd2\u0db1 \u0d91\u0d9a \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dd3\u0da5\u0dba\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db1\u0ddc\u0dc0\u0db1\n\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db8\u0dcf\u0da2\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dba\u0dcf \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0da2\u0dd3. \u0d91\u0da0\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0db8\u0dbd\u0dad\u0dca \u0db8\u0dc4\u0dcf\u0da0\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dba\u0dcf \u0db8\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dcf\u0da2 \u0db4\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dba\u0dda\u0dc2\u0dab \u0d9a\u0dbd \u0db6\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u200c\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dba\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\n\u0db1\u0ddc\u0dc0\u0dda. \u0db4\u0ddc\u0dad\u0dda \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db1\u0dd3\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda \u0dba\u0dd9\u0daf\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0db1\u0dd3\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dba\u0db1 \u0daf\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dda \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dc3 \u0daf\u0dd0\u0db1\u0d9c\u0dad \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dca\u0d9a\u0dda \u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dc2\u0dda\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\n\u0dc3\u0db8\u0dd3\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dc2\u0dab\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dba \u0db8\u0d9f\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd2.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0db8\u0dda \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0db8\u0dda \u0d9a\u0db8\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dad\u0dca\n\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc2\u0dba\u0dba\u0db1\u0dca \u0d9c\u0dd0\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0daf \u0daf\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd4\u0db8\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2  \u0d85\u0dba\u0dc0\u0daf\n\u0d87\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dbd\u0dad\u0dca \u0db1\u0ddc\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db6\u0dbb\u0db4\u0dad\u0dbd \u0d85\u0da9\u0dd4\u0db4\u0dcf\u0da9\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dba\u0db1\u0dd4 \u0db8\u0d9c\u0dda \u0db8\u0dad\u0dba \u0dc0\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dda \u0db7\u0dd6\u0d9c\u0ddd\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db1\u0dd3\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0\n\u0dc3\u0dc3\u0db3\u0db8\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0dbd \u0db4\u0dc1\u0dca\u0da0\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dca \u0d8b\u0db4\u0dcf\u0db0\u0dd2 \u0daf\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0dbd\u0daf \u0d85\u0dad\u0dca\u0daf\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba. \u0d8b\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dc4\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dc1\u0dba\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dda \u0dc3\u0db3\u0dc4\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0db8\u0dcf\u0dba\u0dcf \u0da0\u0da9\u0dca\u0da9\u0d9c\u0dda (<\/strong>1997) <\/strong>\u0d9a\u0dd8\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dba \u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0d9a\u0db8\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda\n\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db8\u0dcf\u0da2\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0db1\u0dd3\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf \u0d9c\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dd3 \u0daf\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0d87\u0daf\u0dca\u0daf \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf \u0db8\u0da7 \u0dc3\u0dd0\u0d9a \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dda. \u0db8\u0dda\n\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0db8\u0dd9\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dbd\u0dad\u0dca \u0db8\u0dcf \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dd6 \u0db4\u0dbb\u0dab \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0db8\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd4 \u0dbd\u0dda\u0d9a\u0db8\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dbb\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0d94\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\u0da7 \u0dba\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8\u0da7 \u0db8\u0db8\n\u0db6\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0db4\u0ddc\u0dbb\u0ddc\u0dad\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd4 \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db8\u0dd2.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0dda \u0da2\u0dd3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dad \u0d9a\u0dad\u0dcf \u0db4\u0ddc\u0dad (<\/strong>2020)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1997<\/strong> \u0da0\u0da9\u0dca\u0da9 \u0d9c\u0dda \u0db4\u0ddc\u0dad\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0dcf \u0d89\u0d9c\u0dd9\u0db1\u0d9c\u0dad\u0dca \u0daf\u0dda\u0da7 \u0d85\u0db8\u0dad\u0dbb\u0dc0<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0da7\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0db1\u0dcf\u0da9\u0dca \u0db8\u0dc4<\/strong>a<\/strong>\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2 \u0dc4\u0dcf\n\u0d91\u0db8\u0dca.\u0da2\u0dd3. \u0dbb\u0dcf\u0db8\u0da0\u0db1\u0dca\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dca \u0d9c\u0dd0\u0db1 <\/strong>13-<\/strong>\u0d92 \u0da7 \u0d85\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dad\u0dbb<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db8\u0dcf \u0daf\u0dd4\u0da7\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0dda \u0db4\u0ddc\u0dad \u0d9c\u0dd0\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dca\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddc\u0dbd\u0dca.\u0d89\u0db1\u0dca (\u0db1\u0ddc\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0dbb\u0dca <\/strong>3, 2020) <\/strong>\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db6\u0dca \u0d85\u0da9\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dda \u0db4\u0dc5\u0dc0\u0dd6 \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0d82\u0dc1\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd2. \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 <\/strong>2600<\/strong> \u0d9a \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9b\u0dd2\u0dad \u0d89\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dcf\u0dbd \u0da2\u0dd3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dad \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dcf\u0dc1\u0dba\u0d9a\u0da7\n\u0dbd\u0ddd\u0db7-\u0daf\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dda\u0dc2-\u0db8\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0dba\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2 \u0db4\u0d82\u0da0\u0dc3\u0dca\u0d9a\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0db0 \u0d85\u0dad\u0dbd\u0ddc\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc3\u0d9a\u0dca \u0daf\u0dcf\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dc0\u0dd6 \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0da7\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dd9\u0dad\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dca \u0d9b\u0dd9\u0daf\u0da2\u0db1\u0d9a\u0daf<\/strong>? <\/strong>\u0db8\u0dda\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0db4\u0dd4\u0daf\u0d9c\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0d9a\u0ddd\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dbb \u0d8b\u0da9 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd6\u0daf\u0dda\u0dba. \u0da2\u0dda. \u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca. (\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca. \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dda\u0db8\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dc3)\n\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0d87\u0db8\u0dd9\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0db4\u0db1\u0dca\u0daf\u0db8\u0dca \u0d87\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dad\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dcf \u0dc4\u0dd2\u0da7\u0db4\u0dd4 \u0d85\u0d9c\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0daf\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\n\u0dc0\u0db0 \u0dc4\u0dd3\u0d82\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0dad\u0db8\u0dcf\u0da7 \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dad\u0db8\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dda \u0db4\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc3\u0d82\u0da2\u0dba\u0da7<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d91\u0dc5\u0daf\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dc0\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0dba\u0dba\u0dd2<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0dc4\u0dbb\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db8\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf \u0db6\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dca \u0d89\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\n\u0d85\u0d9c\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db8\u0ddc\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0da2\u0dd2 \u0daf\u0dda\u0dc1\u0dcf\u0dba\u0dd2 (<\/strong>1977-8) <\/strong>\u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0d91\u0d9a\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0d8b\u0db4\u0dc4\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca\n\u0d9a\u0dad\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dad\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d89\u0db1\u0dca\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dcf \u0d9c\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0db0\u0dd2 \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0da7 \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca \u0db4\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0daf\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dda \u0da2\u0dda \u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca\u0d9c\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca\n\u0db4\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dba. \u0daf\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0ddd\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0d87\u0db8\u0dd9\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0d91\u0d9a\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0d94\u0da0\u0dca\u0da0\u0db1\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dda\u0dba. \u0dc4\u0dbb\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db8\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf \u0db6\u0ddc\u0db1\n\u0d85\u0dba \u0d94\u0dc4\u0dd4 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f\u0daf \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dda\u0dba!<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0da7\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0db1\u0dcf\u0da9\u0dca \u0db1\u0dcf\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dba \u0dba\u0db1\u0dd4 \u0da0\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db4\u0da7\u0dd2\n\u0db1\u0dc5\u0dd4-\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc5\u0dd2\u0dba\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0db8\u0dc4<\/strong>a<\/strong>\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dba. \u0d91\u0dc4\u0dd2 \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0d85\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dbd\n(<\/strong>1987<\/strong> \u0dbb\u0da2\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dca-\u0da2\u0dda.\u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca \u0d9c\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd4\u0db8 \u0dc4\u0dcf <\/strong>13-<\/strong>\u0d92 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0db0)<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d91\u0d9a\u0dca \u0da2\u0dc0\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dcf \u0d85\u0dc0\u0db0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0dda \u0db4\u0ddc\u0dad\u0dda \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0da7\u0dd2\u0dba\u0da7 \u0db8\u0dd9\u0dc3\u0dda\u0dba:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1969<\/strong> \u0daf\u0dd3 \u0d87\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0daf\u0ddc\u0dbb\u0dd9\u0dba\u0dd2 \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dba\u0d9c\u0dd2\u0dba \u0db4\u0dc3\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2 \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db0\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d87\u0db8\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1981<\/strong> \u0db8\u0dd0\u0dba\u0dd2 <\/strong>31<\/strong> \u0dba\u0dcf\u0db4\u0db1\u0dda \u0db4\u0dd4\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dad\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d9c\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd2\n\u0dad\u0dd0\u0db6\u0dd3\u0db8<\/strong>; <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1981<\/strong> \u0db1\u0dca \u0db4\u0dc3\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2 \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda \u0d9a\u0db3\u0dd4\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dba\u0dda \u0d8b\u0db4\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>,<\/strong>\u0d91\u0db8\u0dca. \u0da2\u0dd3. \u0dbb\u0dcf\u0db8\u0da0\u0db1\u0dca\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0db8 \u0d85\u0d9c\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0d89\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dcf \u0db8\u0dd4\u0dab\u0d9c\u0dd0\u0dc3\u0dd3\u0db8<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1986<\/strong> \u0db8\u0dd0\u0dba\u0dd2 <\/strong>4-<\/strong>\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0da7\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca \u0d8a\u0dc5\u0db8\u0dca \u0dc3\u0db4\u0ddd\u0da7\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dca \u0dc3\u0d82\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dba<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db8\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dd9\u0dba\u0dd2 \u0db1\u0d9c\u0dbb\u0dba\u0dda\u0daf\u0dd3 \u0d9a\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1986<\/strong> \u0db8\u0dd0\u0dba\u0dd2 <\/strong>6- <\/strong>\u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0da7\u0dd9\u0dbd\u0ddd \u0db1\u0dcf\u0dba\u0d9a \u0dc3\u0db6\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dca\u0db1\u0db8\u0dca\u0dc0 \u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dc4\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0db1 \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbd \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db1\u0ddc\u0dc3\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dcf<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db8\u0dbb\u0dcf \u0daf\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd6 \u0d9a\u0dc5\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0d91\u0db8\u0dca.\u0da2\u0dd3.\u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dca\u0da7 \u0d9a\u0ddd\u0da7\u0dd2 \u0dc4\u0dad\u0dbb\u0d9a\u0dca \u0daf\u0dd3\u0db8<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d91\u0dc4\u0dd9\u0dad\u0dca \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dda \u0d85\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\n\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db8\u0dda \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf\u0da7 \u0daf\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dd2 \u0d86\u0dba\u0dd4\u0db0 \u0d86\u0db4\u0dc3\u0dd4 \u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dcf \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 (\u0d9a\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc6\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dca\u0d9a\u0dda\u0da7\u0dca)\n\u0d91\u0db8\u0dca.\u0da2\u0dd3.\u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0db4\u0ddc\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dca\u0db4\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db8\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0db1\u0dca \u0daf\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dca\u0da7 \u0d85\u0dab\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8 (\u0db8\u0dda \u0dc0\u0db1\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0db8\u0dc4<\/strong>a<\/strong>\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0d91\u0db8\u0dca.\u0da2\u0dd3<\/strong>,<\/strong>\u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca \u0dba).<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0db8\u0dd3\u0da7 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dca\u200c\u0db0\u0dc0 \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf\n\u0d8b\u0db4\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d87\u0dbb\u0db9\u0dd6 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2 \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0d89\u0db1\u0dca\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf \u0d86\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dda \u0db4\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dca\u0dad \u0d9c\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd3\u0db8. \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dda\n\u0dc3\u0dd9\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dc6\u0dca \u0da9\u0dd2\u0dc6\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dca \u0dc3\u0db3\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0d92\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dba \u0dba\u0db1 \u0dad\u0dbb\u0dca\u200c\u0d9a\u0dba. \u0db8\u0dda \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d92\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0d86\u0db4\u0dc3\u0dd4 \u0daf\u0dd3\u0db8.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dc5\u0dd4\u0db8 \u0d8a\u0dc5\u0db8\u0dca \u0dc3\u0da7\u0db1\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbb \u0db4\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dca\u200c\u0dc1\u0dc0\n\u0d9c\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0dbb\u0da2\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dca \u0d9c\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0db0\u0dd2 \u0db4\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dca\u200c\u0dc0\u0dd6 \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0da0\u0dca\u0da0\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf \u0d9c\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0da7 \u0d91\u0db8\u0dca.\u0da2\u0dd3.\u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca \u0d85\u0dc3\u0db8\u0dad\u0dca\u200c\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987<\/strong> \u0da2\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0dd2 <\/strong>29- <\/strong>\u0da2\u0dda.<\/strong> <\/strong>\u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca<\/strong>.<\/strong>-\u0dbb\u0da2\u0dd3\u0dc0\u0dca \u0d9c\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd4\u0db8<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d89\u0db1\u0dca\u0daf\u0dd3\u0dba \u0d86\u0db8 \u0dc4\u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0dba\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8\u0da7 \u0da2\u0dd6\u0db1\u0dd2 <\/strong>2<\/strong> \u0daf\u0dcf \u0d91\u0db8\u0dca.\u0da2\u0dd3.\u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca \u0d91\u0d9a\u0d9f\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8 (\u0db8\u0dda\n\u0dc0\u0db1\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d91\u0db8\u0dca.\u0da2\u0dd3.\u0d86\u0dbb\u0dca \u0d9a\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dca\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dca \u0db4\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dc2\u0dba \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dda\u0dba)<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf \u0dc3\u0dd0\u0dc5\u0d9a\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db8 \u0dc4\u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dc0\n\u0d94\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0d9c\u0dda \u0d9c\u0db8\u0db1\u0da7 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3\u0dca\u0da7\u0dba<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0db1\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dad\u0dca \u0db8\u0dc4\u200c \u0d87\u0db8\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd6 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2\n\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db8 \u0dc4\u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0d86\u0db4\u0dc3\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dc0\u0db1 \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dcf \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dda \u0d91\u0dba \u0daf\u0db8\u0dd2\u0dc5\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0dba\u0db1 \u0dad\u0dbb\u0dca\u200c\u0d9a\u0dba \u0db1\u0d9f\u0db8\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0dba<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1989<\/strong> \u0daf\u0dd3 \u0dc0\u0dd3. \u0db4\u0dd3. \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82 (\u0da2\u0db1\u0dad\u0dcf \u0da9\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dca \u0d9a\u0ddd\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dc2\u0db1\u0dca \u0d9c\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db1\u0dca\u0db8\u0db1\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca) \u0d85\u0d9c\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db8 \u0dc4\u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0d86\u0db4\u0dc3\u0dd4 \u0da0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dcf\u0dba\u0dd2\n\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 \u0d86\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d94\u0dc0\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dc5\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0da7 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2 \u0d86\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dad<\/strong>;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db0\u0dd2<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dda \u0d9d\u0dcf\u0dad\u0db1 \u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dca\u200c\u0db0 \u0dc0\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d92\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0db1\u0dad\u0dbb \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8\u0da7 \u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dda \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dad.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0db8\u0dd9\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dcf \u0daf\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0db6\u0dbd\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0d91\u0db1\u0db8\u0dca \u0da7\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0db1\u0dcf\u0da9\u0dca \u0db1\u0dc5\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0db1\u0dca\u0d9c\u0dda \u0db4\u0daf\u0dba\u0da7 \u0db1\u0dd0\u0da7\u0dd6 \u0daf\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2 \u0daf\u0dda\u0dc1\u0db4\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0d9c\u0dda \u0db4\u0db9\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\n\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0dc3\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 \u0d92\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dba\u0dda \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db4\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dc2 \u0daf\u0dda\u0dc1\u0db4\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dba\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0daf\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dd1 \u0d9c\u0dc3\u0db1 \u0daf\u0dba\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dc5\u0dd4\n\u0dc3\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dca\u0daf\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db4\u0dbb\u0dab \u0dba\u0dc4\u0db4\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0db1 \u0daf\u0dda\u0dc1\u0db4\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0d9a \u0d9c\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dca\u0dad\u0db1\u0dca<\/strong>, 13-<\/strong>\u0d92 \u0db6\u0daf\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0db1\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0daf\u0dd0\u0d9f\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dc0 \u0dc4\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0db8\u0dca<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0db1\u0db1\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd0\u0da2\u0ddd\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dda\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0db1\u0dca-\u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0da2\u0dcf\u0dad\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dba \u0dc4\u0dbb\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dbb\u0da7 \u0d9a\u0dd0\u0db6\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8\u0da7 \u0daf\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0daf\u0dc0\u0dca\n\u0db8\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dad\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dca \u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd \u0db6\u0dde\u0daf\u0dca\u200c\u0db0 \u0dc1\u0dd2\u0dc2\u0dca\u0da7\u0dcf\u0da0\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d91\u0dbb\u0dd9\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dc0 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab  \u0daf\u0dd4\u0dc2\u0dca\u0da8 \u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0d9a\u0dca\u0daf<\/strong>?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Police powers under the 13th Amendment: A rare example<\/strong>
\nPosted on February 15th, 2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 C. Wijeyawickrema<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leo\nPerera\u2019s summary essay \u2018The 13th Amendment to the Constitution – Devolution of\nPublic Order and exercise of Police powers – Indo-Lanka Accord has no such\nrequirement\u2019 (The Island<\/em> Newspaper, 6\/10\/2009) explaining (1)\nthe conflict between 13-A and 17-A, and (2) the failed past attempts during the\ncolonial times (1892-1905) to implement police powers by Government Agents at\nthe Province-level, is a significant contribution especially due to three new\ndevelopments we see today. These developments indicate that Tamil separatism is\nburied and not dead. The lucrative, many-faceted international network created\nby Prabakaran is rapidly raising its head again ironically, blaming the dead man\nfor his undemocratic (inhuman?) acts! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

All three\ndevelopments are linked to the 13-A or a 13-A plus formula, which will open the\npath for Eelam by devolution sooner or later. (1) UN-SG Ban Ki-Moon as well as\nsome Indian politicians tries to pin\u201d President Rajapaksa to a promise\u201d they\nsay he made to them before the end of the war. The hint is that he will agree\nto Tamil group rights in a homeland, which was the apparent goal behind the\n13-A passed in 1987. (2) Suresh Premachandran of the TNA now in crisis makes an\ninteresting proposition, which is: Give rule of our province to us in a\nunitary state\u201d (Lanka-e-News, 6\/14\/2009). He thinks replacing the words United\nSri Lanka by Unitary Sri Lanka would cure all the worries of the majority\npeople in the island against the 13-A! (3) The plan to have an Eelam government\nin exile by those who inherited Prabakaran\u2019s international dowry (all kinds of\nbusiness enterprises including drug manufacture, drug trafficking, gun running\nand money laundering) will be a pain in the neck for the IDP Tamils, village Tamils\nand the GOSL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

====http:\/\/pdfs.island.lk\/2009\/06\/22\/p6.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As Leo\nPerera explained (1) the legal jargon in 13-A (1987) completely politicized the\nProvincial police, and (2) the legal jargon in 17-A, expected to depoliticize\nthe Police Force. What kind of mad politics was this? To quote Leo Perera:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under\n13-A, the DIG of the Province was the Chief Minister\u2019s nominee, with the DIG,\nthe Chief Minister had two nominees in the three-member Provincial Police\nCommission, and the DIG was responsible to and under the control of the Chief\nMinister in the maintenance and the exercise of police powers in the Province.\nIt removed all the powers the President had in respect of the Police Force at\nthe national level and the powers the President had under the 13th Amendment at\nprovincial levels. But it failed to completely depoliticize the Police Force at\nthe provincial level\u2026\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026The\n17th Amendment (2001) did not amend Appendix I item 4 (of 13-A) which provided\nfor a nominee of the Chief Minister to be in the Provincial Police Commission,\nitem 6 which required the IGP to appoint the DIG of the Province with the\nconcurrence of the Chief Minister, and, item 11:1 which made\nit mandatory for the DIG of the Province to be responsible to and under the\ncontrol of the Chief Minister in respect of the maintenance of public order and\nthe exercise of police powers in the Province. It is submitted that it is a\nvery serious anomaly to depoliticize the Police at the national level and to\nkeep the Police politicized at the provincial level as practical police work is\ndone at provincial levels and in that respect the 17th Amendment was an\namateurish exercise in depoliticizing the Police Force\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

India and\nEurope<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nehru did\nnot like the idea of language-based state boundary demarcation. In 1956, he\nagreed to it reluctantly, when a Telegu politician began a fast unto death! The\ntreacherous two-India (two-nation) plan of the colonial master in India\nreceived official recognition with the 1935 Government of India Act, and from\nthen onward the communal cancer could not be stopped. Ali Jinnah had the nerve\nto tell Gandhi, Mr. Gandhi, you worship the cow, and we eat the cow, how can\nwe be friends?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But\nbecause India is a sub-continent as big as the Western Europe, one can argue\nthat language-based regions were unavoidable. It is like German, French, and\nItalian language regions in Europe. On top of that was the fact that Hindi was\na newer language compared to Tamil, Telegu or Bengali. Hindi was spoken between\n30-40% Indians when it was made the official language in 1949 with a majority\nof just one vote. Therefore, 13-A cannot be justified in Sri Lanka applying the\nstandards of Indian politics or Indian geography to a tiny island.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hindia\nand Tamil Nadu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tamil\nNadu was the only state which had a set of politicians with an inferiority\ncomplex in not accepting Hindi as the Indian official language. Gandhi used to\nridicule Tamil politicians for not learning Hindi. It was also the only region\nwhich asked the colonial master to create a separate country for them (a\nDravidasthan). Under the Indian F\u201d system, education, land and police powers\nare state functions. The implementation of a unifying language policy (Hindi\nwas made the official language for unifying the country under one language and\nnot to kill other languages) by teaching Hindi in schools was prevented for\nsome time by Tamil Nadu politicians because the state controlled education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tamil Nad\npolice and IPKF<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quoted\nbelow is a rare example of how \u2018hostile\u2019 provincial police officers could\nsabotage, a larger national plan, whether the plan is reasonable or not. One\ncan imagine how grave the situation will become in the case of Sri Lanka,\nconsidering the fact that there will always be separatist-minded Tamil elements\nin Colombo, Killinochchi, Malayanadu, and Tamil Nadu, helped with the money\nfrom the LTTE government in exile. There will also be a set of white\npoliticians from the UK, the EU, Norway, Canada and the US helping them\nseparately, jointly or using UN agencies as a veil. These politicians are not\nMother Theresas overflowing with humanitarian love for the Tamil IDPs, but\nscheming persons who want to tap the Tamil block vote to win their local\nelections. Humiliation they are now suffering at the hands of the Sri Lankan\ngovernment by way of deportation etc. would therefore not stop their political\nbehaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026The\ndecision to wage a war against the LTTE was not an easy one for Rajiv Gandhi.\nNor was he oblivious to the cruel irony in being forced to crush the very\nelements he and Indira had nurtured with care and money. Rajiv could abandon\nneither the Tamils nor could he support its chief representative, i. e. the\nLTTE\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Confrontation\nwith the LTTE had followed from the need to maintain relational control and to\nrestore balance of forces between the various actors in Indo-Lanka relations.\nThat the balance was in danger is clear from the account of the IPKF operations\nby Field Commander Sardeshpande:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026We\ngathered credible intelligence through smugglers, boatmen- about exact\nbungalows, lanes, hospitals, beds, towns, cities and helpers of the LTTE\ncadres, convalescing Tigers, gunrunners and manufacturers of explosive devices\nand grenades and gave it to the Tamil Nadu police, only to be told that there were\nno such individuals and no such activities! We told them that the LTTE cadres\nafter enjoying India\u2019s shelter and medical treatment were returning to Sri\nLanka and killing IPKF soldiers. All this made no impression on the Tamil Nadu\ngovernment and the police. This was the tragicomedy played out on our own\ncountry\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u2026Facing\nan impasse in Tamil Nadu and fearing its deleterious impact on the IPKF role in\nSri Lanka, the Central Government, on January 1988 imposed President\u2019s Rule in\nthe state.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Ethnicity,\nsecurity, and separatism in India<\/em> by Maya Chadda, 1997, p. 169<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What Sri\nLanka needs is not language-based spatial units with Tamil police stations in\nthe south. Belgium, Northern Ireland, and Scotland are all examples of how\nlanguage or religion-based arrangements will not work even after 100 years of\nexperimenting. In the US, 13 colonies did not join together  as language units. German was going to be the\nofficial language of the US! Now in the Mexican border regions, with larger\nconcentrations of Hispanic-speaking people, the old debate of making English\nthe official language in USA has renewed. Whether students should be taught in\nEnglish or it should be bi-lingual is the new issue due to the requirement that\nschools must show results of student learning under the No Child Left Behind\nLaw passed in 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1983,\nin Sri Lanka, the IGP, all the DIGs and the Attorney General were all Tamils.\nTamil terrorists threw CID Inspector Bastianpillai into an abandoned well. He\nbehaved as a police officer and not as a Tamil. Similarly, what Sri Lanka\nshould do is not 13-A or 13-A plus, but recruit and train Tamil police officers\non a national basis and employ them all over the island. When both Sinhala and\nTamil police officers know both Sinhala and Tamil, they will become real peace\nofficers. Why is this so difficult an idea for the Colombo crowd to understand\nis puzzling? When Anton Balasingham agreed to a federal solution giving up\nEelam at the 2002 Oslo meeting, the then GOSL and its NGO agents celebrated it\nas a golden opportunity and a paradigm shift in Prabakaran\u2019s thinking. Maybe\ncharacters with this kind of self-imposed foolishness are still lurking in the\ndark in some ministry corridors in Colombo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Karunanidhis\u2019\nbiography indicates that IPKF was withdrawn, not because R. Premadasa demanded\nso!)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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