{"id":154895,"date":"2026-02-25T15:51:46","date_gmt":"2026-02-25T22:51:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lankaweb.com\/news\/items\/?p=154895"},"modified":"2026-02-25T15:51:46","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T22:51:46","slug":"the-eelam-war-is-civil-war-pt-1cb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lankaweb.com\/news\/items\/2026\/02\/25\/the-eelam-war-is-civil-war-pt-1cb\/","title":{"rendered":"THE \u201cEELAM WAR\u201d\u00a0 IS\u00a0 CIVIL WAR\u00a0\u00a0 PT 1Cb"},"content":{"rendered":"

KAMALIKA PIERIS<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n

Tamil Separatist Movement has successfully embedded the notion of\u00a0 Tamil Genocide\u00a0 in Canada, starting with\u00a0 the Legislative assembly of Ontario. Tamil diaspora has a presence in this Assembly and a \u00a0private member\u2019s bill (Bill 104)\u00a0 by\u00a0 Vijay Thanigasalam [1]<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/a> In May 2021, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario unanimously passed \u00a0\u00a0Bill 104\u00a0 and\u00a0 created the Tamil Genocide Education Week Act (TGEWA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The stated purpose of the Bill is to, a) designate the week following May 18 each year as \u2018Tamil Genocide Education Week\u2019 and b) educate Ontarians about \u2018Tamil Genocide and other genocides that have occurred in world history.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Legislative Assembly  designated the week of May 18 each year as Tamil Genocide Education Week in Ontario,[2]<\/a> where Ontarians are encouraged to educate themselves about  Tamil genocide and other genocides that have occurred in world history.\u201d[3]<\/a> In 2022 five Ontario school boards  introduced Tamil Genocide Education Week .[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sri Lankan Canadian Action Coalition<\/strong> took the matter  to court, led by Dr Neville Hewage.  They said that the main purpose  of the Act was to declare a genocide\u201d.  They pointed out that  it was impossible to educate about a genocide that has not yet been declared, [5]<\/strong><\/a>  that no Tamil genocide has been recognized in Sri Lanka under international law  and that the Provincial government of  Ontario  did not have the authority to adopt the term genocide\u201d .[6]<\/strong><\/a> For a full account of this case see Reports of Cases Determined in Ontario Courtshttps:\/\/digital.ontarioreports.ca\/ontarioreports\/20241206\/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=2027067#articleId2027067<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justice Akbarali  who heard the case said she was not going to decide whether it was wise for the Ontario Legislature to pass the TGEWA. That responsibility lies with the Legislature. The court heard evidence from dueling witnesses   whether or not there was Genocide of the Tamils in the Sri Lankan civil war. She decided that TGEWA is to educate the public about  Tamil genocide,  caused by the government of Sri Lanka. This is similar to legislation  on the Holocaust,  and it fits with the Canadian provincial education policy  on international aspects of world wars or any other international conflict.<\/strong>[7]<\/strong><\/a>( <\/strong>see below)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Sinhala groups failed to get   provincial and federal courts to strike down the legislation.<\/em> But there was one gain at the Ontario Appeal Court. The Appeal Court of Ontario found that Bill 104 has no educational purposes.it said that Bill 104 cannot be used for the purpose of education in Ontario. It can be used for self-awareness and commemorative purposes only.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The Sri Lanka Canada Association of Brampton  finally  went to Supreme Court asking that  the Tamil Genocide Education Week Act be repealed. The Supreme Court of Canada   dismissed the appeal. Tamil Separatist Movement  was triumphant. The Supreme Court\u2019s decision marks the final legal obstacle in Canada  against Bill 104,  said the Tamil Separatist Movement .This legal victory comes at a time when Tamils globally are intensifying calls for international accountability and justice for war crimes and genocide committed by the Sri Lankan state, said Tamil Guardian.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Tamil Separatist Movement did not find it easy to win  the appeal , despite the fact that  there were 237,890  Tamil immigrants  against    a mere 30,000 Sinhalese  living in Canada. They admitted that they had to work hard to win the  case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tamil Separatist Movement  said  that  the Tamil Canadian community, backed by over 60 organizations, and the  tireless efforts   of Tamil youth helped  them to win. Over $100,000 was raised  for the purpose. Ontario\u2019s legal community, including prominent Tamil lawyers, played a key role .[10]<\/a>The law firm Goldblattparners were the interveners on behalf of National Council of Canadian Tamils. .<\/em>[11]<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/a> <\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The main Tamil organizations active in  the matter were the National Council of Canadian Tamils, the Canadian Tamil Academy, the Canadian Tamil Youth Alliance  and the Tamil Rights Group..[12]<\/strong><\/a> it was noted later that  National Council of Canadian Tamils  was listed as terrorist organization under United Nations Security Council resolutions 1373. [13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sri Lankan government  objected, soon after the law was enacted.  Sri Lanka\u2019s foreign minister met with the High Commissioner of Canada to Sri Lanka  to convey Sri Lanka\u2019s opposition to the Act.  Canadian embassy in Sri Lanka  stated that under Canada\u2019s federal system, provincial and municipal governments can pass their own laws but their decisions  do not represent  government policy.. Canada\u2019s Official position as stated in 2021   is that the Government of Canada has not  found evidence of Tamil genocide in Sri Lanka.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Canada\u2019s  Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development  of Canada in a Diplomatic Note dated 7 th April 2021 responding to a clarification  had stated that the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development clarify Canada\u2019s official position with regard to allegations of genocide in Sri Lanka, the department can officially confirm that the Government of Canada has not made a finding that there was genocide in Sri Lanka. [15]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On February 5, 2022, the Sri Lanka High Commission in Ottawa issued a press release saying there is absolutely no evidence to suggest any act and\/or intent of the spurious allegations of genocide\u201d during the military engagement with the LTTE. Neither was there a pattern of events even to suggest genocide\u201d. [16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tamil Separatist Movement  wanted a national declaration of Genocide. The Ontario  Assembly  was a  provincial body, it did not   carry the same weight as a national  body.On 18 May 2022, the Canadian House of Commons adopted, without opposition ,a motion introduced by  Gary Anandasangaree,[17]<\/a> MP for Scarborough-Rouge Park, Ontario . The motion was introduced on the 13th<\/sup> anniversary of the \u2018Mullavaikkal genocide\u2019[18]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The motion states  “this House acknowledges the Genocide of Tamils in Sri Lanka, and recognizes May 18th of each year as Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day”.[19]<\/a>Canada was the first national Parliament in the world to recognize May 18th of each year as Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day, noted critics.<\/strong>  MPs who spoke in support, acknowledged that they had to please their Tamil constituents. Ontario has one of the largest concentrations of Tamils, mainly in Toronto, and the Tamil youth were very insistent on  this motion, they said.[20]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was another petition,<\/strong>( e5058) initiated by Nirujan Gnanagunalan.. The petition requested that Canada should refer Sri Lanka to the International Court of Justice to investigate the alleged Tamil genocide. Ontario Centre for Policy Research  informed  Canada\u2019s  Minister of Foreign Affairs that the petition had no legal basis and  no action should be taken.[21]<\/a>Canada\u2019s House of Commons  turned it down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sri Lanka protested.[22]<\/a> Sri Lanka\u2019s High Commissioner in Ottawa   issued a statement \u2018Refuting the allegation of \u2018Tamil Genocide\u2019 in the final phase of the conflict in Sri Lanka .[23]<\/a> In Colombo  the government was told that  MP Gary Anandasangaree\u2019s private member\u2019s motion regarding the Tamil genocide is non-binding, non-legislative,and does not reflect Canada\u2019s Official foreign policy.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fact that  \u2018Tamil genocide\u2019 in Sri Lanka has been recognized by the Canadian national legislature carries international implications. recognition by the national legislature of a foreign county that genocide is taking place in Sri Lanka has very serious consequences to this country, said Darshan Weerasekera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The House of Commons, Canada,  represents the entire people of Canada, not different interest groups. So, such a body has now placed on record that conditions exist in Sri Lanka for the Tamils to arguably invoke a right to self-determination under international law. It sets a precedent for other countries to also adopt motions or even resolutions unilaterally alleging Tamil genocide in Sri Lanka with scant regard for the truth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Canadian legislature has failed to submit their allegations to any international forum whatsoever and give Sri Lanka a chance to respond. .The national legislature of a country should not get a free pass to flout international law at will. If the national legislatures of other countries also start adopting motions alleging \u2018Tamil genocide\u2019 with scant regard to the facts, it would pose a danger not just to Sri Lanka but to all countries facing the threat of separatism. It is in the interest of Sri Lankans as well as all friends of international law to vigorously challenge this Act and prevent it from setting a precedent , concluded Darshan.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Following on the House of Commons decision, Canada\u2019s Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau   issued statements  on May 18th<\/sup>  2023, and May 18th<\/sup>  2024, recognizing  Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day. In 2025 Prime Minister Mark Carney  did the same.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colombo objected to all three statements .Colombo   condemned  the unfounded allegations by Prime Minister  T<\/strong>rudeau  and his outrageous claim of genocide\u201d pertaining to the past conflict in Sri Lanka.<\/strong>it was politically motivated and purely for domestic political consumption in Canada..<\/strong>[27]<\/strong><\/a> For the statement objecting to the speech in 2023    see https:\/\/www.lankamission.org\/index.php\/archives\/8-news\/79-other-statements\/3423-sri-lanka-rejects-the-reference-to-tamil-genocide-remembrance-day-by-the-canadian-prime-minister.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The media reported that  in Canada an application was brought  against Canada\u2019s Prime Minister Justin Trudeau for judicial review, challenging his message on Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day, issued on May 18, 2023. The primary intention of this Application is to obtain a legal position regarding the alleged Tamil genocide, whether the  Prime Minister  declared or recognized it. Federal Court,  said that  there was no such declaration or recognition of Tamil genocide. Trudeau\u2019s statement and MP Anandasangaree\u2019s motion arenon-binding and, therefore, have no legal impact on Canada\u2019s official position . which is,  no Genocide in Sri Lanka. Federal Court  rejected Prime Minister Justin Trudeau\u2019s statement,  and said there was no Tamil genocide in Sri Lanka.[28]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2025 Brampton City Council declared November 21 2025  as Tamil Eelam National Flag Day\u201d, with Mayor Patrick Brown issuing a proclamation. The proclamation reads: On this day, the Tamil Eelam National Flag is ceremonially hoisted, and a series of events and workshops are held to honour the resistance against genocide, while fostering a dialogue on Tamil history, culture and identity.\u201d[29]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 In May 2025, City of Toronto approved a motion to build a Tamil genocide monument. The motion has requested the city to identify a site in the City of Toronto Park in Scarborough to house the monument under the provisions of the City\u2019s Public Art and Monument Donations Policy. Toronto  had  a vibrant and thriving Tamil community, located primarily in Scarborough. the motion seeks to follow in the footsteps of other levels of government and jurisdictions by recognising the Tamil Genocide.\u201d [30]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Tamil Genocide Monument, dedicated to the victims and survivors of the  final phase of the  Eelam war IV, was inaugurated in Chinguacousy Park , Brampton, Canada on May 10 2025. The monument is a  4.8-metre tall stainless steel structure featuring an outline of the historic homeland of Tamil people in Sri Lanka. The design is a book shaped structure symbolizing educating the history of the Tamil genocide with a map of Tamil Eelam that signifies the ancestral Tamil homeland. The nine panels, which symbolise the nine districts of the North-East,  details the acts of genocide perpetrated by Sri Lanka since 1948.[31]<\/strong><\/a>    The National Council of Canadian Tamils will have ownership of the monument and will be responsible for maintaining it. [32]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This monument, in my view ,is not a monument to genocide, it is a monument to   Eelam. It is intended to influence those visiting Brampton\u2019s  Chinguacousy Park   to  believe in an  Eelam in far away Sri Lanka .<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

After a three-year delay, the Tamil Genocide Memorial, meant to honor lives lost in the Sri Lankan civil war, was unveiled in Brampton Saturday night to the sound of applause, cheers and cannons of confetti, reported the media.[33]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The opening ceremony was attended by Tamil activists and politicians, including Mayor of Brampton Patrick Brown. The National Council of Canadian Tamils  thanked Brampton Council for their unanimous support\u201d in building the monument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The inspiration for the memorial came after the Mullivaikkal memorial at Jaffna University, which was erected in 2019 to honour the Tamil lives lost in the genocide, was bulldozed by Sri Lanka’s authorities. This act of destruction led to widespread outrage within the Tamil homeland and globally. Backed by city leaders, two local organisations, the Brampton Tamil Association and Brampton Tamil Seniors Association, joined hands to spearhead the project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vijay Thanigasalam, MPP for Scarborough-Rouge Park, said that the monument serves as a “powerful symbol that ensures that our history will never be erased. “We remember May 2009, we remember the No Fire Zones being shelled, we remember the devastation of the bombardment of cluster bombs and chemical bombs being used against Tamil people,” “We remember the 169,796 people who are unaccounted for to this day. We will never forget that.”[34]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

it later transpired that Rudrakumaran ( TGTE) and W. Wigneswaran, former Chief Minister of Northern Province had written to the Brampton Mayor offering business support in return for setting up a Tamil Genocide Monument   [35]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sri Lanka had repeatedly complained to the Canadian High Commission in Colombo  regarding this monument.  Sri Lanka urged the Federal Government of Canada to intervene and prevent this regrettable initiative by the Brampton City Council[36]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thushara Rodrigo, Sri Lanka Consular General in Toronto, sent a letter  to the Mayor, objecting to the monument, outlining the negative impacts on the Sri Lankan community in installing a Tamil Genocide Monument..[37]<\/a> Those supporting the project declared this to be foreign interference.\u201d [38]<\/u><\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legal proceedings were  started  against the  monument. Applicants alleged that the City of Brampton violated their Charter Rights and Freedoms, the Constitution Act of 1867, and the Ontario Municipal Act, 2001.[39]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Opposition to the monument is continuing. General Secretary of the Sinhaladeepa National Front (Canada), Jayantha Liyanage, said  in February 2026, that a request had been made to the Mayor of Brampton, Patrick Brown, seeking the removal of the Tamil Genocide Monument constructed in the city of Brampton, Canada.[40]<\/a> ( continued)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/colombogazette.com\/2022\/06\/29\/ontario-court-upholds-tamil-genocide-education-week\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/case-dismissed-canadas-supreme-court-rejects-challenge-tamil-genocide-education-week-act<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/ontario-court-upholds-tamil-genocide-education-week-sinhalese-challenge-fails<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/canadas-parliament-recognises-tamil-genocide-landmark-motion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/digital.ontarioreports.ca\/ontarioreports\/20241206\/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=2027067#articleId2027067<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/colombogazette.com\/2022\/06\/29\/ontario-court-upholds-tamil-genocide-education-week\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Justice Akbarali said the recognition of a Tamil genocide is in service of(i) educating the public about the Tamil genocide, and about other genocides, including the need to prevent such atrocities from occurring in the future;(ii) allowing non-Tamil Ontarians the opportunity to better understand their Tamil neighbors, and Tamil youth to better understand their families, community and history; and<\/strong>(iii) <\/strong>through education, helping to create the conditions for Tamil Ontarians to s<\/strong>hare their stories and begin to heal from the trauma and inter-generational trauma https:\/\/colombogazette.com\/2022\/06\/29\/ontario-court-upholds-tamil-genocide-education-week\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a>   https:\/\/ceylontoday.lk\/2025\/09\/16\/canada-rejects-tamil-genocide-a-landmark-ruling-for-sri-lanka\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/case-dismissed-canadas-supreme-court-rejects-challenge-tamil-genocide-education-week-act<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/case-dismissed-canadas-supreme-court-rejects-challenge-tamil-genocide-education-week-act<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/colombogazette.com\/2022\/06\/29\/ontario-court-upholds-tamil-genocide-education-week\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/digital.ontarioreports.ca\/ontarioreports\/20241206\/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=2027067#articleId2027067<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/policy-research.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/5-Letter-to-Joly-from-OCPR.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> . https:\/\/ceylontoday.lk\/2025\/09\/16\/canada-rejects-tamil-genocide-a-landmark-ruling-for-sri-lanka\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> island 7.2.22 p 1  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/mfa.gov.lk\/en\/tamil-genocide-sl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a>  https:\/\/island.lk\/international-law-implications-of-canadian-parliaments-motion-on-tamil-genocide\/<\/a> 25.11.22<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/canadas-parliament-recognises-tamil-genocide-landmark-motion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/ontario-court-upholds-tamil-genocide-education-week-sinhalese-challenge-fails<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/canadas-parliament-recognises-tamil-genocide-landmark-motion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a>   https:\/\/ceylontoday.lk\/2025\/09\/16\/canada-rejects-tamil-genocide-a-landmark-ruling-for-sri-lanka\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/mfa.gov.lk\/en\/slrejec<\/a>ts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> island 7.2.22 p 1    .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a>  https:\/\/ceylontoday.lk\/2025\/09\/16\/canada-rejects-tamil-genocide-a-landmark-ruling-for-sri-lanka\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> darshan Weerasekera https:\/\/island.lk\/international-law-implications-of-canadian-parliaments-motion-on-tamil-genocide\/<\/a> 25.11.22<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> For 2023 statement see https:\/\/www.om.gc.ca\/en\/news\/statements\/2023\/05\/18\/statement-prime-minister-first-tamil-genocide-remembrance-day<\/a>.[26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For 2024 see https:\/\/www.pm.gc.ca\/en\/news\/statements\/2024\/05\/18\/statement-prime-minister-trudeau-on-tamil-genocide-remembrance-day<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 For 2025 see https:\/\/www.pm.gc.ca\/en\/news\/statements\/2025\/05\/18\/statement-prime-minister-carney-mark-tamil-genocide-remembrance-day<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sundaytimes.lk\/230521\/news\/sl-slams-trudeau-for-outrageous-claim-520724.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.lankaweb.com\/news\/items\/2025\/03\/31\/the-supreme-court-does-not-further-inquire-about-tamil-genocide-in-sri-lanka-and-the-bill-104-tamil-genocide-education-week-act-tgewa-is-not-within-provincial-jurisdiction-education-under-canada\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sundaytimes.lk\/251123\/columns\/northern-governor-slams-officials-ngos-for-failure-to-uplift-people-622128.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/island.lk\/canada-to-build-second-tamil-genocide-monument\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/tamil-genocide-monument-inaugurated-brampton<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-ca\/news\/canada\/tamil-genocide-memorial-unveiled-in-brampton-after-years-long-wait\/ar-AA1EzwXP<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-ca\/news\/canada\/tamil-genocide-memorial-unveiled-in-brampton-after-years-long-wait\/ar-AA1EzwXP<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/content\/tamil-genocide-monument-inaugurated-brampton<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a>   https:\/\/ceylontoday.lk\/2025\/09\/16\/canada-rejects-tamil-genocide-a-landmark-ruling-for-sri-lanka\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a>  https:\/\/island.lk\/foreign-minister-summons-canadian-hc-over-genocide-monument\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.dailynews.lk\/2024\/08\/16\/local\/610161\/foreign-minister-summons-canadian-hc-to-register-sls-objections-on-construction-of-a-tamil-genocide-monument-in-canada\/#google_vignette<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a>   https:\/\/ceylontoday.lk\/2025\/09\/16\/canada-rejects-tamil-genocide-a-landmark-ruling-for-sri-lanka\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/ceylontoday.lk\/2025\/09\/16\/canada-rejects-tamil-genocide-a-landmark-ruling-for-sri-lanka\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
The Supreme Court does not further inquire about Tamil genocide in Sri Lanka, and the Bill 104 Tamil Genocide Education Week Act (TGEWA) is not within provincial Jurisdiction Education under Canada\u2019s\u00a0Constitution Act\u00a0s. 93<\/a><\/blockquote>