Lucien Rajakarunanayake

The Democratic PeopleƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s Republic of Korea or North Korea remained unshaken by the many warnings and threats issued by the United States and the United Nations about its nuclear tests, as it was about its recent rocket testing and launching a communications satellite space. It went further by grabbing the headlines on February 12, when President Obama made his State of the Union Address to Congress, by announcing its latest successful nuclear test, which is believed to be a smaller bomb, and shows the success of its nuclear programme.

Not unexpectedly, the UN Security Council passed a resolution condemning the nuclear test, and called for further sanctions against North Korea by the international community. However, although the United States, the UK and France were very loud in their criticisms of this latest move by North Korea, political analysts note that both Russia and China were not very enthusiastic about calls for even more sanctions against a country, which remains burdened with heavy sanctions for many years. Although coincidental, it was interesting that the UN Security Council resolution was adopted at meeting chaired by the Foreign Minister of South Korea, as it is the current president of the SC, and was addressed by Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, a former South Korean ambassador to the UN, with a call for tougher action.

Barack Obama

Navinethem Pillay

Ban Ki-moon

UN probe

It is also interesting that this call for more sanctions against North Korea has come at a time when the UN has itself initiated an important probe into, the increasing drone attacks by the United States on the territories of many countries, with which it is not at war. The reports of the increasing number of civilians killed in these attacks and the clear violation of national sovereignty of the affected countries is becoming a major issue, in which there seems to be little interest for action by those moving the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) that is due to meet in Geneva, very shortly. There is silence on this by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay, too, who is very loud on alleged war crimes in other countries that are outside the section of the international community led by the western powers.

The UN investigation into targeted killings will examine drone strikes in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia. As reported in the Guardian, UK (January 24), the review by the UN Special Rapporteur Ben Emmerson QC, is expected include checks on military use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in UK operations in Afghanistan, US strikes in Pakistan, as well as the Sahel region of Africa where the conflict in Mali has erupted. It will also take evidence on Israeli drone attacks in the Palestinian territories.

About 20 or 30 strikes ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢¢”š¬…” selected as representative of different types of attacks ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢¢”š¬…” will be studied to assess the extent of any civilian casualties, the identity of militants targeted and the legality of strikes in countries where the UN has not formally recognized there is a conflict.

The inquiry will report to the UN general assembly in New York this autumn. Depending on its findings, it may recommend further action. Emmerson has previously suggested some drone attacks ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢¢”š¬…” particularly those known as “double tap” strikes where rescuers going to the aid of a first blast have become victims of a follow-up strike ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢¢”š¬…” could possibly constitute a “war crime”.

The inquiry will be co-ordinated through Emmerson’s UN office in Geneva. Among the team of experts working with him will be the former director of public prosecutions, Lord Macdonald QC, a former prosecutor at the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Sir Geoffrey Nice QC, and Dr Nat Cary, one of the UK’s most experienced pathologists who specialize in the interpretation of injuries caused by explosions.

The inquiry is the result of a request by several nations, including Pakistan and two permanent members of the UN Security Council, the Guardian reported.

The real threat ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢¢”š¬…” Drone or Nuclear?

Although the West, led by the United States, continues to make much of the nuclear threat to the world, aimed mainly at Iran and North Korea – the first having declared it has no intent of developing a nuclear bomb, and the latter having its own nuclear weapons programme – there are many doubts as to the seriousness of this threat, in the real context of the availability of nuclear weapons in the world today.

US drones inƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚  Afghanistan

There is total silence on the nuclear capability of Israel, with a large nuclear arsenal. Both India and Pakistan are nuclear armed states that have had three wars, and there is much concern about the stability of Pakistan in the context of terrorism in the region. The US, UK, and France, Russia and China also have nuclear weapons. The question that arises is – what is this great threat to the world in more states adding these weapons to their armouries. The only answer is that they are ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-rogueƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ states, as seen so by the West.

Guardian columnist Simon Jenkins has interesting observations to make of the actual danger to the world today. In his column in the Guardian Weekly (January 18) Jenkins states: ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-The greatest threat to world peace is not from nuclear weapons and their possible proliferation. It is from drones and their certain proliferation. Nuclear bombs are useless weapons, playthings for the powerful. Drones are now sweeping the global arms market. There are some 10,000 said to be in service, of which a thousand are armed and mostly American. Reports say they have killed more non-combatant civilians than died in 9/11.

Explaining this further Jenkins states: ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-I have not read one independent study of the current drone wars in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the horn of Africa that suggests these weapons serve any strategic purpose. Their ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-successƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ is expressed solely in body count, the number of so-called Al-qaeda-linked commanders killed. If body count were victory, the Germans would have won Stalingrad and the Americans Vietnam.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Neither the legality nor the ethics of drone attacks bear examination. Last yearƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s exhaustive report by lawyers from Stanford and New York universities concluded that they were in many cases illegal, killed civilians and were militarily counter-productive. Among the deaths were an estimated 176 children. Such slaughter would have an infantry unit court-martialled. Air forces enjoy such prestige that civilian deaths are excused as a price worth paying for not jeopardizing pilotsƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢ lives.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Quite apart from ethics and law, I find it impossible to see what contribution these weapons make for winning wars.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-The killing of officers merely sees others replace them, eager for revenge. The original Predator was intended for surveillance but was adapted for bombing to kill Osama bin Laden. When he was found, the drone was considered too inaccurate a device to risk, and old fashioned boots-with-guns had to be sent instead.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-As for the inevitable killing of civilians, however few or many, this is not just ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-collateral damageƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ but critical to victory or defeat. It does not occupy or hold territory and it devastates hearts and minds. Aerial bombardment has long been a questionable weapon of war. It induces not defeat but retaliation.ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚

He explains that: ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Since the drone war began in earnest in 2008, there has been no decline in Taliban or al-Qaida performance attributable to it. Any let-up in recruitment is merely awaiting NATOƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s departure. The Afghan president, Hamid Karzai, has called the attacks ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-in no way justifiableƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚. The Pakistan government, at whose territory they are increasingly directed, has withdrawn all permission.ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚

Jenkins quotes the young Yemeni writer Ibrahim Mothana who stated in his protest in the New York Times of the carnage drones are wreaking on the politics of his country; they erase ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-years of progress and trust-building with tribesƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚. Yemenis now face Al-qaeda recruiters waving pictures of drone-butchered women and children in their faces. Notional membership of Al-qaeda in Yemen is reported to have grown by three times since 2009. Jimmy Carter declares that ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-AmericaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s violation of international human rights abets our enemies and alienates our friendsƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-The drone wars seem pointless yet unstoppable. Their appeal to western leaders lies partly in their sheer novelty, partly in the hope they may make defeat less awful. They are like the USS New JerseyƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s shelling of LebanonƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s Chouf Mountains in 1984, a blood-thirsty display to cover withdrawal. The drone is not an aid to victory, but it eases the defeat its use has made more likely.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-The Taliban in Waziristan are no threat to London or to Washington. Al-qaeda can do no more to undermine the state than set off the occasional bomb, best prevented by domestic intelligence. TodayƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-wars of choiceƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ reflect a more sinister aspect of democracy. Elected leaders seem to crave them, defying all warnings of the difficulty of ending them. Mesmerised by Margaret ThatcherƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s gain from the Falklands, they all want a good war.

suicide bombers

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-In this the drone is foolƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s gold. Driven by high-pressure arms salesmanship, Obama (and David Cameron) is briefed that they are the no-hands war of the future, safe, easy, clean, ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-precision targetedƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚. No one on our side need get hurt.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-The tenuous legality of this form of combat requires the aggressor to have ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-declared warƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ on another state. But Al-qaeda is no state. As a result these attacks on foreign soil are not just wars of choice, they are wars of self-invention.

How soon will it be before the US finds itself ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-at warƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ with Iran and Syria, and sends over the drones? When it does, and the killing starts, it can hardly complain when the victims retaliate with suicide bombers.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Nor will it just be suicide bombers. Drones are cheap and will easily proliferate. Eleven states deploy them already. The US is selling them to Japan to help against China. China is building 11 bases for its Anjian drones along its coast. The Pentagon is now training more drone operators than pilots. What happens when every nation with an air force does likewise, and every combustible border is buzzing with them?

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-I did not fear nuclear proliferation because I believe such bombs are mere prestige acquisitions, so horrible not even lunatics would use them. Drones are different. When they were called guided missiles, they were in some degree governed by international law and protocol, as was the practice of global assassination.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Obama rejects all that. He and the US are teaching the world that a pilotless aircraft is a self-justifying, self exonerating, legal and effective weapon of war.

ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-However counter-productive a drone may be strategically, it cuts a glamorous dash on the home front. It is hard to imagine a greater danger to world peace.ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ Simon Jenkins concludes.

Time magazine in its latest issue of February 11, 13, has the ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Rise of the DronesƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ as its cover story. It is an exhaustive piece on the rise and spread of the drones in warfare today, being the favourite of President Barack Obama.

It also raises many serious worries about the spread of the drones in the coming years, and the growing trend promoted by the US, of countries dispatching drones to foreign countries to protect the senderƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s citizens. It raises the important questions of what would happen if another country sent drones to the US to protect that countryƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s citizens. These do not remain interesting questions. They are the emerging dangers of today, full of the possibility of ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-war crimesƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ in conflicts that are not declared and carried out by stealth, through the rapid progress of technology.

Probes that have been launched by the UN on the US use of drones and many more such studies are needed, including the impact of these on human rights and their use vis-ƒÆ’†’ƒ”š‚ -vis humanitarian law due to the large number of civilians killed. There are issues of reciprocity in the attacks and that of attacks on clear civilian concentrations. This calls for a new focus of international attention on Human Right and War Crimes taking the actual threat to humanity into consideration. Ban Ki-moon, Navinethem Pillay and others need to pay much more attention to this today, than remain hooked on to alleged accountabilities in past conflicts.