By Garvin Karunaratne
It has so happened that in Sri Lanka, instead of creating employment for the youth we have had the unfortunate experience of being forced to gun down the youth twice. In the April 1971 uprising at least ten thousand and in the late Eighties some Seventy or Eighty thousand had to be silenced.
The youth of a country, especially the youth who due to either the lack of qualification or due to the lack of employment opportunity have to be confined to attend to a menial job and have to scrape the barrel for life, needs to be taken care of. They deserve to be trained and guided to become a national asset.
In this context, the achievement of the Youth Self Employment Programme
of Bangladesh comes of great importance in that it is the only development programme that can claim success
in guiding millions of drop out youths to become self employed on a
commercially viable basis. It is easily the only youth employment programme
that has achieved world status within the short space of three decades. It is a
programme that has left its imprint on the sands of time.
In Bangladesh when the new
Military Government of General Ershard took over the country in 1982, the
Ministry of Youth Development was providing skills training to 40,000 youths
annually but the vast majority of them failed to find employment and continued
to be unemployed for life. I happened to be the Commonwealth Fund Advisor to
the Ministry on Youth Development and the new Hon. Minister for Labour and
Manpower, Air Vice Marshall Aminul Islam at a Conference held to evaluate youth
development programmes, ordered me,:
What can you contribute to Bangladesh”?
I would suggest that you approve a self-employment programme to supplement the skills training programmes that are being implemented by the Ministry of Youth Development, where the lecturers who train the youths in skills will, in addition, also guide the youths to establish enterprises to manufacture items for sale and become self-employed entrepreneurs.”
The Secretary to the Treasury, the highest official in the country
who was present vehemently objected.
Self Employment is not something that can be established. The International Labor Organization (ILO) with all their unlimited resources have just miserably failed to establish a self employment programme at Tangail in Bangladesh. They laboured for three years and brought experts from all over the world and failed. It was a massive loss and this Government is not going to waste any more funds again. Self Employment is not a task that can be done. That was the conclusion of the ILO and they are the only experts of international standing”
I replied:
Though the ILO failed, I
can establish a Self Employment Programme. I hold the experience of
establishing self employment units in Sri Lanka for eighteen years and also
hold the Ph.D in Agricultural Economics and Non Formal Education from Michigan
State University. I am a trained expert not only in agricultural economics but
also in community development and non formal education.”
. The Secretary to the Treasury the highest official in Bangladesh
laughed loud at my attempt to make entrepreneurs out of school drop outs- the
category from which the Department of Youth Development found youths for skills
training.
.. I argued that though the ILO failed I would succeed. The
Secretary to the Treasury was adamant
that such a programme would never succeed, but I quoted instances where I had
established successful employment projects providing incomes to youths
while simultaneously producing what the country imported.. He laughed at my
telling that I had successfully guided unemployed youths to understand basic
economic principles to become entrepreneurs by having a few cattle, a few dozen
hens or making an item for sale. I explained that it was an easy task to
provide training to the unemployed and to also guide them to open up small
scale enterprises and guide them till they become successful entrepreneurs- what I
had done again and again in Sri Lanka over eighteen years. I detailed how I
would be guiding the youths to master
the art of making the right decisions and for them to develop their ability and
capacity to think and act to become successful entrepreneurs. The battle went
on for an easy two full hours. The Hon
Minister was listening in silence till his patience was exhausted.
The Minister finally
ordered us to shut up. He was the third in command in the military government
and I was worried thick. The Secretary to the Treasury was the highest official
in the land and even Secretaries of Ministries would never even dream of
arguing with him. Instead of questioning us further, the Minister asked for any
Government training programmes that guided youths to become
entrepreneurs. The Secretary to the Treasury replied None”. Then the Minister
asked for the number of youths being
trained in all vocational training programmes in the country.. He carefully totaled the figures of youths
that were being trained. Then the
Minister asked for the number of school leavers in a year who would have not
fed into the higher echelons of learning and also not finding a job and be
relegated to be under employed scraping
the barrel for life. The answer for the number of youths scraping the barrel
for life annually was in the millions while the number of youths under training
in vocations was in the thousands. Without any hesitation, the Hon Minister
ordered that I should establish a self employment programme.
The Secretary to the Treasury stumped, stating‚ that there will be no
funds to establish a self employment programme, to which I replied that we will
find savings within the approved budgets for the skills training of
the youths and re deploy staff as necessary. The Hon Minister
approved my suggestion.. .
We started planning work that night itself. The next morning I was
addressing trainees at the training centers and also training our Lecturers and
Youth Officers on how the programme should be done. The officers who had till
then done traditional youth development work were trained in concepts of
economics. All Training Institutes were immediately altered to Training Cum
Extension Institutes where the youths in training were to be guided to become
self employed. Overnight we established a countrywide special extension service
for the lecturers to go out on inspections and help the youths who faced
problems when they commenced enterprises. The youths were guided to draft
their own projects to become self employed, starting small farms even with a
few cows or chicks. Dresses were sewn using the machines at the training
centers that were kept open after work till ten at night. The method was
to intensively guide the trainees in the management of their enterprises. Every
action from the planning of their projects, to the purchase of raw materials,
the chicks, the feed, the process of manufacture, the process of the growth and
sale of cattle, the making of garments and their sale was all monitored on a
non formal education basis where the youths were trained to look at the
advantages and disadvantages of each course of action and act on their own.
They were monitored closely and helped when they failed. . The trainees were
taught basic economics related to their ventures‚ The training included
understanding the free market economy and the youths were guided to think,
understand and increase their ability and capacity in the process. This was non
formal education in action. The achievement was within the village setting
where the projects became family concerns with brothers and sisters becoming
involved. On our Visits, Training sessions were provided impromptu where
everyone could participate. Short training courses were provided as and when
necessary. The effort was to make a youth movement to make youths establish
enterprises and guide them till they are income bearing equal to the earnings
of a clerical officer in the Public Service.
This Programme began at the beginning of April 1982 with a few
trainees and was expanded to 2000 by October 1983. By the time I left
Bangladesh at the end of October 1983-
in nineteen months my team was guiding
2000 youths. The team comprised the
Secretary, the Joint Secretary of the Ministry with a few hundred staff of
Directors, Deputy Directors of Youth, Director for Livestock and Poultry ,
Directors of the 3 Residential Training Centers in Livestock & Poultry,
Lecturers in Training Institutes- all of whom were taught the essentials of
economics firstly to be able to analyse the economy of Bangladesh and to arrive
at areas of economic activity where self employment production would be an
asset.to the country This included national and regional planning culled down
to the village level., where the self employment units were established.. They
were also taught methods of imparting instructions in a manner that would evoke
the active participation of the trainees and enable them to think and make
their own decisions, developing their ability and capacity in the process.
We got down to work in earnest.. The officers were patriotic to
the extreme. It was long hours every day for months. Daily circuits in Toyota Hiace bone shakers-
leaving early morning to return whenever. The officials responded to a man,
patriotic to the extreme, working long hours..
In an evaluation conducted
in March 1983, eleven months from the commencement it was found that of the
youths that commenced by May 1982, 283
youths had established their own
commercial ventures, with stocks of flocks and head of cattle valued at Tk.911,630.00. It was building up stocks, buying chicks and
ducklings and seeing them grow. As much as 223 of them had reached a net income
of TK 369.00 a month. Of them 83 earned over Tk. 500.00 a month. In the Jamalpur District, in disciplines like dress
making, fisheries, retail sales, electrical goods repairing workshops, welding,
etc. 73 youths were involved, earning an average net income of Tk 445.00 a
month with 20 of them earning net incomes of Tk. 500.00 or over:”
At that time Tk. 500.00 a month was the salary drawn by a Clerical
Officer in the Government Service. Getting the youths to reach a net income of
Tk. 500.00 a month was our aim.
In an Evaluation done in August 1983, 16 months since
commencement the Evaluation Report
states:
A Programme of Excellence in every respect unfolds in the results documented. .Of 500 unemployed youths who joined the
programme in the early months, 479 are
earning an average net income of Tk 596.00 in August 1983, 8 to 12 months
after they commenced their commercial ventures, 55 of them earn over Tk.
1000.00 a month and 253 earn over Tk
500.00.”
In August 1983, barely 16 months since the commencement, the
achievement was hailed by the two Secretaries of the Ministry of Labour and
Manpower; In their words:
Dr.Karunaratne’s
significant contribution has been in the field of self employment to the
drop-out youths. This programme was not only designed but also guided by him.
This activity which was initially launched as a pilot experimental project has
been a great success and has now being adopted as a fill-fledged Programme. The
Government of Bangladesh..has been successful in providing meaningful
employment to a large number of youths on this Programme” .(Asafuddowlah)
Dr. Karunaratne’s role as
the formulator of the program has been particularly commendable. It was mainly
through his dedication and hard work that the pilot project has now been
formally accepted as one of the most important development projects. (Ayubur
Rahaman)
The YSEP has stood the test
of time for over three decades (1982-2019) The Five Year Plan of 1997-2002
devotes 8 pages to this program. This is easily the premier employment creation
program that one can find in the world today. All other programs involve
training and apprenticeship only and never include the tasks of motivating
youths, involving them in non-formal education endeavor to develop their
abilities and capacities, through technical guidance and management advice
provided as they work on their projects aimed at their becoming commercially viable, which are the
cornerstones on which this programme has
been based.
Instead of traditional
youth work, the aims of the Ministry of Youth had been altered:
To facilitate the
unemployed youth for gainful employment/self employment, providing
vocational/skills development training and micro credit support.”.
To involve the youth in
the mainstream of national development processes” (www.dyd.gov.bd/nyp_activities.php)
No subsidies of any sort
were provided. What was provided was intensive training in residential
settings, with payment of a meager monthly stipend. In many cases the youths
invested their stipend to purchase chicks. They created capital by rearing
chicks to become hens. Later, to the promising youths loans were arranged and
carefully utilized under close
supervision. Short term training was provided whenever needed.
The above achievement of the Youth Self Employment Programme
stands great in comparison to what was achieved by the ILO Project in Tangail
in the earlier three years, where the number of entrepreneurs was only 626,
where Tk. 1.38 million was disbursed of which only Tk. .61 million was
recovered. The best cases document
people owning one milk cow or fattening one head of cattle for sale. Many of
the 626 people had dropped off. The ILO had to eat humble pie, declare failure
and erase the attempt from their books.
By August 1983, 16 months after
commencement The Department of Youth
Development was training 2000 youths. The Programme was expanded apace
to involve 7000 youths by 1987, to 16,000 by 1992 and to 160,000 a year from 1997. In 1982 we had only 3 Residential
Training Centers. This was increased to 64 by 1997.
In 2011 February
The Government of Bangladesh reported to the 34 th Session of the
Governing Council of IFAD(FAO), one of the funders, that this programme had guided as much as
two million youths to be self employed‚ on a commercially viable
basis.(Statement by Bangladesh to the 34 th Session of the Governing Council of
IFAD(FAO), dated19/02/2011)
My task was also to train the officers to carry on the programme
after my‚ two year period of service ended.‚ True to a man
Bangladeshi officers carried on the ardous task and‚ today 160,000
youths are being guided annually.. A full Department of Youth Development now
devotes 95% of its time to training and guiding youths to become self
employed..
Every country boasts of skills training programmes where youths
are trained in the thousands but none provide training to guide the trained to
become entrepreneurs- the task that was successfully done in this Youth Self
Employment Programme.
It would behove every
Government to decide that all skills
training programmes should include guidance to enable the youths in training to
establish enterprises of their own and become entrepreneurs. This can be
achieved with little extra cost as the staff that train youths in skills can
also be guiding them to become self employed.
Another important fact is that for the first few years, no new
funds were provided for this Programme. . Savings were found within the skills
training programme budgets for holding training workshops to create self
employment..
Having a live successful employment creation programme is a great
asset to any country. Guiding the unemployed
to become entrepreneurs, also enriches the economy with produce to avoid imports..
I have detailed factually how I designed and established the Youth
Self Employment Programme, a programme that has come to stay on a permanent
basis for over three decades and also
find mention in the Five Year Plans of the country. The Commonwealth Fund tried
to get my services later, but I had to
decline as I was employed in a permanent position in Westminster as a Lecturer.
In actuality I converted a youth development department attending
to traditional youth work to attend to economic development, training the youth
and finding employment opportunities for them. I had to train the staff of the
Department of Youth Development in
economics and methods of communication and educating youths to become
commercial entrepreneurs. This is easily the one and only programme of this
type in the world.
It may be a good idea for the Task Force to contact the Secretary
to the Ministry of Youth Development of Bangladesh, to find veracity for this unique programme. The officer who
will know most is the former secretary,
Mr Muhammed Asafuddowlah, of the Bangladesh Civil Service, who was Additional Secretary of the Ministry when I designed and
established the Programme and who was later
the Secretary to the Ministry of Youth Development twice and was instrumental in expanding the
programme to what it is today.
The intrinsic success of this programme even merits a visit by a
leading member of the Task Force to sus and find out how Sri Lanka can learn
from this programme.
A similar employment creation programme for the youth of Sri
Lanka, if established, will be a great
credit to the Government of President
Gotabhaya and Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa.
I would deem it a priviledge
to provide more details and be of service if called upon.
. Garvin Karunaratne, Ph.D. Michigan State University‚
Commonwealth Fund Advisor of Youth Development to the Government
of Bangladesh(1981-1983) and Government Agent, Matara(1971-1973)
Author of;
How the IMF Ruined Sri Lanka and Alternative Programs of
Success (Godages)2006
Success in Development-(Godages)2010
Papers on the Economic Development of Sri Lanka-, Godages 2012
How the IMF Sabotaged Third World Development, Kindle/Godages, 2017
May 18, 2020, Colombo, Sri Lankagarvin_karunaratne@hotmail.com