KAMALIKA PIERIS
Norway wanted to see the country divided, and Eelam become a
reality. Norway tried to create Eelam
through the Ceasefire Agreement.
The
Ceasefire Agreement” (CFA) was signed on 22nd February 2002 by Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe on
behalf of the Government of Sri Lanka and by Velupillai Prabhakaran on behalf
of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Norway was its creator and its
go –between.
Norway and LTTE had reached
agreement on the CFA by the first week of Dec 2001. India had met secretly with LTTE. Norwegian
Foreign minister Eric Solheim had held discussions with Anton Balasingham in
London and with G.L. Pieris and others
in Sri Lanka. Pieris was the chief
negotiator for the government. Others who played key roles in the matter
included Minister Milinda Moragoda, Defense secretary Austin Fernando and
Bradman Weerakoon.
The
CFA went through several drafts. Prime
Minster Ranil Wickremasinghe and Pieris
reviewed these drafts and approved the final document. he government had agreed to the conditions
made by Norway and LTTE, but Norway and LTTE had refused to consider government
conditions.
The CFA was signed secretly
with only few persons knowing about it. President
Chandrika Kumaratunga and Cabinet were not told the terms and conditions. Norway
strongly opposed any move to scrutinize the CFA.
The CFA was
decided without consulting the armed forces. This was most unusual and had no
parallel in the world, said critics. Norway’s military had had worked out the technicalities
of withdrawing the Sri Lanka army.
The
army and navy chiefs were allowed to see the CFA only a few days before the
signing, after the matter had been finalized.
They had requested an audience as they were concerned. They were not
allowed to take away copies of the CFA. The
defense forces were aghast when they finally saw the agreement. They had been pounding the LTTE successfully
and Jaffna was under them. CFA put a stop to this.
The Agreement prohibited
fighting, on land, air or sea and the Eelam War ground to a halt. But that was
not all. The CFA gave the LTTE full control of the lands they were holding at
the time. A large chunk of territory in
the north east including strategically
important places came into their hands.
This territory was clearly set out with
‘lines of control’. The LTTE army was
allowed to continue and the state army was prohibited from going anywhere near
them. A ‘zone of separation’ was set between the LTTE and the ‘government
controlled’ lands. CFA also called for the disarming of all groups opposing the
LTTE.
Thanks to the CFA, LTTE now
became legitimate. It set up a de facto state. ‘Ceasefire lines’ were converted
into state borders. Customs and immigration posts were set up. There were 17
checkpoints. Place names were in Tamil
and English. The LTTE set up LTTE law
courts and LTTE police. This ‘police’
arrested Sri Lanka policemen when they entered the area. Twelve ‘Thamileelam
policemen’ went to Northern Ireland for three month training. The government
issued them passports. Sophisticated hi-tech communications equipment was
obtained and LTTE set up a high powered
broadcasting and TV station which could broadcast all over the world. LTTE delegations visited Europe. Norway helped in all this.
The CFA prohibited search
operations and arrests under the Prevention of Terrorism Act. Arrests were to
be made according to the Criminal Procedure Code. The government released all
LTTE prisoners over 1000 of them and made no arrests under the
Prevention of Terrorism Act.
LTTE strengthened its defenses and established camps in strategic areas.
Fourteen camps were set up south of Koddiyar bay in Trincomalee. 122 heavy artillery guns and 120 mortars were
placed within striking distance of the harbour. A journalist who exposed this
and other LTTE build-ups was forced to discontinue his column. CFA wanted the High Security Zone reduced in
size and army camps decreased from 152 to 88 in Jaffna. LTTE also wanted the
Sri Lanka Amy’s’ air reconnaissance and
deep penetration unit operations stopped.
The army was confined to
barracks while the LTTE were free to
do whatever they wished. LTTE mocked
the soldiers now confined to camp, urinating and showing backsides. The army
felt humiliated. The armed forces could
not retaliate even on the gravest provocation.
When confrontations arose government ordered the armed forces to
retreat.
The navy once intercepted a
LTTE logistical movement at sea. There was a fierce confrontation and the
government ordered the navy to pull back. The navy was furious. They had lost
men. Army camps came under attack, but
army was not allowed to retaliate. The CFA said unarmed security convoys could
go on the A9 road. Army remarked that
only a fool would send unarmed convoys through LTTE infested jungles.
LTTE received their largest
consignments of arms and ammunition, during the CFA. Massive quantities arrived in
13 consignments. Karuna said ‘we
unloaded ammunition 40 days after the CFA was signed’. The government did
nothing to stop this. There was no customs inspection. One consignment of
eleven containers went without inspection to Kilinochchi.
Had the LTTE succeeded in
getting more equipment, such as SA-18
surface to air missiles, the war would have taken a different turn, critics
said. The
LTTE strengthened its army. People were forcibly recruited and put into training camps. Within one and half years LTTE had trained
6000 new cadres . LTTE also created a
rudimentary ‘air force’ of light planes, able to bomb government areas without
being shot down. . SLAF spotted the Iranamadu runway when it was at an initial
stage of construction. Sri Lanka Air Force had spotted two fixed wing aircraft
at Iranamadu but could not bomb them because of CFA.
LTTE upgraded its navy.
They obtained powerful, high tech boats. These
came into Colombo harbor in containers.
LTTE also acquired equipment that could cripple the state navy, such as
underwater fighting craft (submersibles). Experts in sea warfare came in to
train the LTTE cadres. The government had allowed foreigners unhindered access
to the LTTE held territory. Ukrainian
specialists trained Sea Tigers in underwater fighting skills. Japanese showed how to launch submersibles.
In time, these submersibles would have put a stop to the Trinco-KKS supply
route.
LTTE ships could now move
freely along the coast up to Vadamarachchi.
They used this to launch boats and stealth craft laden with
explosives. They carried out naval exercises. The Sri Lanka
Navy objected, but had to stay away.
LTTE also asked for a special sea lane
for their ships, 200 nautical miles off the north- east shore. The navy
objected strongly to this.
CFA gave LTTE had
freedom of movement in government areas while preventing non-LTTE persons from
entering LTTE controlled areas. LTTE
could enter government held territory, unarmed, ‘to visit family and friends.’
The LTTE used this to fan out to all parts of country. They infiltrated the
hill country and established cells. They infiltrated Colombo, sent in suicide cadres set up safe houses and created sleeper cells. They systematically killed key operatives
and informants of the armed forces. They were permitted political work, so they
set up political offices.
‘CFA activities’ were
closely watched by those who opposed Eelam.
They noted that on 27.11.2002 a container with sophisticated
communication equipment left Colombo, escorted by a police inspector in a
Defender jeep, crossed the Omanthai security checkpoint and moved into LTTE
controlled territory without any checking. They also noted that several container
loads of weapons has been passed by the BOI and transported to LTTE territory
in BOI vehicles
Critics reported that
according to the official count, LTTE had violated the CFA 5461 times and the government had done nothing about it.
Inspector Dale Gunaratne, President of the Police Inspectors Association
strongly criticized the government for allowing the LTTE to use the CFA to its
advantage.
The CFA
was strongly condemned as an appalling
act of treachery and betrayal. Critics said that ‘even thinking of such an
agreement was a disgrace’. The CFA
equated the LTTE army with the legally constituted state army and gave LTTE equal status with the
government of Sri Lanka. Critics noted
that no country in the world has given equal status to a terrorist outfit in
this manner. Further, the CFA gave LTTE
full control over the land, air and the sea of ‘their’ territory. Observers
noted that by doing so, the government had ceded sovereignty to the LTTE. The LTTE would have
used this to announce a Unilateral Declaration of Independence . The west would
have promptly recognized the new state of Eelam, said analysts.
But that would
not have been easy. The CFA was not a strong document. The signatures on it were
not powerful enough. Ranil Wickremesinghe was not the Head of state. President Chandrika Kumaratunga was the head
of state.. Prabhakaran was not the head
of a political alternative. His sole qualification was that he came from
Valvettiturai, where all were smugglers, to a man.’ LTTE was only a liberating force . Therefore,
it would have been difficult to go from the CFA into Eelam. More recognition was needed, such as ISGA and
PTOMs.
Norway was
not only the midwife for the CFA; it was also its supervisor. The CFA was
supervised by a Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission (SLMM). The Head of SLMM was
appointed by the government of Norway. The Head was the final authority
regarding interpretation of the CFA. The government and the LTTE were to
cooperate fully with the SLMM.
Here are the
relevant clauses in the Ceasefire Agreement:
3.1 The name
of the monitoring mission shall be the Sri Lankan Monitoring Mission,
hereinafter referred to as the SLMM. 3.2, the Royal Norwegian Government shall appoint the Head of the SLMM, who shall
be the final authority regarding interpretation of this Agreement.
3.5 The SLMM
shall be composed of representatives from the Nordic countries.
3.7 A local
monitoring committee shall be established in Jaffna, Mannar, Vavuniya,
Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara. Each committee shall consist of 5 members,
two appointed by the GOSL, two by the LTTE and one international monitor
appointed by Norway. The international monitor shall chair the committee.
4.2 The
Agreement shall enter into force on such date as is notified by the Norwegian
Minister of Foreign Affairs.
LTTE and government were seen as equal. Norway would hold the balance between them
when conflicts arose. This was even
included in the Modes of Operation clauses.
Rajiva Wijesinha found Modes of Operations very inacceptable, very patronizing. He said it was absurd to allow foreigners to
sit in judgment over Sri Lanka government and hold a balance on behalf of the LTTE.
The Norwegians and other Scandinavians who headed the SLMM were
supporting the LTTE against the government. Norwegian ceasefire monitor
Thorfinnur Omarsson was very anti government, said Rajiva Wijesinha. SLMM head Maj
Gen Tellefson gave information provided by the security forces to the LTTE of
an arms shipment. Hargurp Haukland accused
the security forces of killings committed by other groups. Lars Soveberg
attempted to decide the territorial boundaries of the two states.
The SLMM helped the LTTE on several occasions.
Once when the
Sri Lanka navy spotted a LTTE ship carrying arms the SLMM officers on board the
navy patrol boat warned the LTTE and the LTTE ship escaped. SLMM had immediate
access to trouble spots. but SLMM delayed to go when the LTTE had fired at Somadevi Vidyalaya
at Kantalai..
The SLMM was
allowed to go on Sri Lanka Navy patrol boats. On one such instance, a foreign
naval monitor forced the SLN to abort a mission targeting an LTTE arms
shipments. the government of Sri Lanka then did away with the controversial
practice of taking on board SLMM naval monitors.
CFA was
unilaterally abrogated by President
Mahinda Rajapakse in January 2008.The
original document is now declared missing from the Prime Minister’s Office. The
Federation of Buddhist Organizations called the CFA an ‘agreement signed by two
puppets at the hands of a gang of international looters. ” They welcomed its
abrogation. (continued)