Lt Col. Anil Amarasekera (Retd.) K M B Kotakadeniya (Senior DIG Retd.) –Co-Presidents National Joint Committee
The
National Joint Committee (NJC) wishes to convey its best wishes to his
Excellency the President, and his Government elected with an overwhelming
majority, in Parliament. We have utmost confidence that the Government would
fulfill its pledge to remove numerous constitutional provisions introduced to
the Constitution through many amendments that has plagued the structure of this
state. It was reported in a lead news report that the Minister of Justice Hon.
Ali Sabry is drafting the amendment he intends tabling before Parliament in mid-September,
the contents of which we are unaware.
However
we are perturbed by certain statements supposed to have been made by him in a
televised interview the contents of which are referred to in same newspaper
that ‘Provincial Councils would not be abolished’. He justifies this statement
on the basis that the 13th Amendment involved international obligations on Sri
Lanka as it was promulgated under the Indo-Lanka Accord. We need to remind the
Hon. Minister that India failed to fulfill its part of the obligation including
their obligation to disarm the ruthless terrorists. It was our valiant soldiers
including his Excellency the President that saved this country from brutal
terrorism. Furthermore we do not need anybody’s permission to revise our
constitution. Therefore to say that his Government is not willing to abolish
the 13th Amendment is most unfortunate.
We
have now existed without these provincial councils for almost 3 years. The Provincial
councils are white elephants which this country cannot afford. The 13th
Amendment provides for the creation of ethnic enclaves by amalgamation of
provinces (Article 154A (3)). Police powers are given to the Provincial
Councils (although not implemented yet). The Provincial Police force is to be
controlled by the Chief Minister of the Province (vide clause 11:1 of Appendix
I of the Provincial Council List in the 9th Schedule). The LTTE is
commemorated by racist politicians even today.
Since
Parliament is able to repeal its own laws with a simple majority it should also
be able to repeal Provincial legislation too sans a two thirds majority.
(Article 154G (2) and (3)) The NJC is strongly of the view that the supremacy
of Parliament must be maintained and for that purpose the power of Parliament
hitherto exercised (prior to 1987) must be restored forthwith. The provisions
introduced for provincial legislation to supersede national legislation (Article
154G (8) and (9)) should be removed. The powers included in the Provincial Council
List pertaining to ‘Ancient and Historical monuments and records’ should also
be repealed.
Accordingly
we call upon the Government to rescind these obnoxious provisions forthwith. It
was also reported that the Government intends to amend some of the provisions
introduced by the 19th Amendment and to postpone dealing with other objectionable
provisions for a future occasion. It is necessary to place on record that this
Government came into power to restore the lost rights of the people forcibly removed
through these amendments more specifically by the 13th and 16th Amendments.
Therefore these injustices must be rectified forthwith as a matter of priority.
We also strongly urge the Government to do away with the existing proportional representation
system of elections and revert to the first past the post system as it existed
prior to 1978.
We
do not see any rational reason in abolishing the 19th Amendment and postponing the
correction of other historical injustices thrust upon the people by successive governments
through the present constitution and its amendments. Therefore we urge that
this Government harness all its available resources to rearrange the
constitutional structure of the state forthwith as a new constitutional
arrangement is the wish of all the people that voted this Government to office.
The NJC has done a comprehensive study of the historical injustices caused by
the aforementioned amendments and therefore we are in a position to assist the
Government in the preparation of a new constitutional arrangement if an
opportunity is given.
Lt
Col. Anil Amarasekera (Retd.) K M B Kotakadeniya (Senior
DIG Retd.)
The Bribery Commission has filed indictment against former minister Dr Rajitha Senaratne and two others for allegedly causing losses to the state when leasing out the Modara Fisheries Harbour in 2014.
The other two defendants in the case include the former Chairman of the Ceylon Fisheries Harbour Corporation (CFHC) Upali Liyanage and its former Managing Director Neil Ravindra Munasinghe.
The indictment has been filed under section 70 of the Bribery Act and on five charges.
They are accused of causing losses to the government by persuading the Director Board of the Ceylon Fisheries Harbour Corporation to lease the Modara Fisheries Harbour to a private company for an insufficient sum between the period from August 01 and November 01, 2014.
SLFP Central Committee decided to appoint a committee of experts to draft recommendations and suggestions for the proposed new constitution, headed by Minister Nimal Siripala de Silva.
President assures a New Constitution with “One Country & One Law” and a change in the Electoral sytem
Full text of the Policy Statement delivered by President Rajapaksa at the inaugural session of the Ninth Parliament:
The election held on August 5th marked a turning point in the history of Parliamentary Elections in Sri Lanka.
We asked the people to give us a 2/3rd majority to form a stable government.
First of all, I would like to thank and extend my gratitude to all the patriotic Sri Lankans for giving Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna and its allied parties a historic and resounding 2/3rd majority for the first time in the history in an election held under the Proportional Representation System.
Universal suffrage is a democratic right that we must all respect and uphold. Therefore, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all Sri Lankan voters who exercised their voting right in this election.
During the Presidential Election held last November, over 6.9 million people gave me a decisive mandate, placing a very high confidence in me. So far through my actions, I have proved that I will uphold the promise that I will not violate the trust they placed on me.
The period between the Presidential Election and the Parliamentary Election has been very challenging for us. What we inherited was an economy that had collapsed. Since we did not have a majority in Parliament we were compelled to function with a minority government. In addition, we had to face the COVID-19 pandemic that disabled the entire world during that period. At a time when even the most powerful countries in the world were left helpless in the wake of COVID – 19 catastrophe, we were able to successfully face the challenge. Even foreign nations praised our efforts to prevent the spreading of the pandemic.
The historic mandate received by Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna has proven that people are impressed with the way we have governed the country during the past 9 months despite various obstacles.
People appreciate the change taking place in the political culture of this country.
As representatives of the people, we always respect the aspirations of the majority. It is only then that the sovereignty of the people can be safeguarded.
In accordance with the supreme Constitution of our country, I have pledged to protect the unitary status of the country and to protect and nurture the Buddha Sasana during my tenure. Accordingly, I have set up an advisory council comprising leading Buddhist monks to seek advice on governance. I have also established a Presidential Task Force to protect places of archeological importance and to preserve our Buddhist heritage.
While ensuring priority for Buddhism, it is now clear to the people that freedom of any citizen to practice the religion of his or her choice is better secured.
The Government has paid special attention to the protection of national heritage, culture and our identity as well as the protection and promotion of performing arts and folk arts.
When we took over the government, the confidence of the people in the security of the country had been severely dented due to the Easter Sunday attacks that occurred in 2019. Establishing firmly that the prime policy of our Government is national security, we have restructured the security apparatus and intelligence services, eliminating the fears of the people thereby restoring the security of the country. We have re-created an environment where any citizen can live freely without any fear for the safety of themselves and their families.
As I have pledged, the launch of the methodical mechanism to protect the people against social evils such as the activities of the underworld and the drug menace that have been a hindrance to the day-to-day lives of the people has also increased the confidence of the public.
Accordingly, a virtuous and a law-abiding society is emerging as we promised.
We are working towards a significant transformation of the political culture of this country.
After I assumed office as the President, changing the existing system, a methodical procedure was introduced to appoint heads of Government institutions whereby qualifications of prospective appointees were examined through a panel of experts. A well-experienced team of professionals, entrepreneurs and academics was appointed instead of relatives, acquaintances and followers. This policy will continue in the future as well.
We also took measures to build a production economy. Paddy farmers were given a higher guaranteed price for their products. We took steps to protect local farmers by halting importation of exportable produce for re-export as well as banning importation of crops that could have been grown locally. Farmers were provided with required fertilizer free of charge. People were encouraged to re-cultivate abandoned lands throughout the country. Through all these, we provided a new lease of life to the agricultural sector in this country.
After we assumed office, we provided tax concessions targeting local entrepreneurs. Interest rates were brought down to encourage businesses. Competitive imports were restricted in order to protect local entrepreneurs and industrialists.
It is clear that people enthusiastically supported us in this election due to the trust we have been able to build in them in this manner. We will continue to serve the people in a manner that affirms this trust.
It is equally important to precisely interpret the mandate given by the people. We respect the trust that the people have placed in me and the Prime Minister and the newly elected people’s representatives. We have a clear understanding of the expectations with which the people gave such a powerful mandate to the government. We will leave no room for such expectations to be dashed for any reason.
It should always be remembered that the prime responsibility of a people’s representative is to serve the public. We will be sensitive to fulfilling the needs of the people, keeping in mind that all these positions are responsibilities and not privileges.
I travelled all over the country to support every candidate who represented our group in this election. Instead of holding political rallies, I went to the people during these visits and listened to their grievances directly.
A large majority of issues presented by the general public were not personal, but they were common issues.
Even after 72 years of freedom, simple issues have not been resolved.
There are people who do not possess proper deeds for the lands on which they have lived for many years. We will provide them with legitimate deeds utilizing a swift and due process. I assure you that without a proper alternative we will not evict people from their ancestral homes or farmlands.
Human-Elephant conflict has become a major issue to the people. A group of experts has already been appointed to craft a feasible solution for this issue. A separate state ministry was established solely for this purpose because we are aware that this issue needs a sustainable solution.
An incredible percentage of people across the country suffer from a shortage of drinking water. We will take necessary steps to address these humane issues. As a national policy, we will enact procedures to provide drinking water to every part of the country.
Parents request for their children’s education suitable schools. The shortage of national schools was evident in every area. Most schools have significantly inadequate facilities. The shortage of teachers, laboratories, libraries and sports facilities was frequently mentioned. Although we request students to follow science and technical subjects in order to successfully contribute to the economy, their schools do not even have basic facilities to teach those subject streams.
Funds expended by the government for children to pursue their ambitions and to hone their skills are an investment for the future. We will accord priority to resolve these issues through the ministries which had been assigned with new responsibilities.
Both resources and facilities in rural hospitals are inadequate. There is a considerable shortage of doctors, nurses and other staff in these hospitals. Patients in some areas have to travel long distances to seek treatment. We will eliminate these discrepancies in the delivery of free healthcare facilities for people.
Both Ayurvedic and indigenous medicinal systems will be preserved and promoted.
Instead of spending large amounts of foreign exchange to import medicine, we have already commenced operations to manufacture medicines locally. We will also eradicate corruption which occurs in the importation of medicine. This is why we formed a separate state ministry to manufacture, supply and regulate medicine.
A large percentage of citizens of this country, earn their livelihood through self-employment. Also, a large number of people depend on agriculture. Their sole requests are for adequate water and fertilizer during their cultivation seasons. We should address these issues. Therefore we will implement a broad set of activities to rehabilitate the tanks and to develop the irrigation system across the country.
Another major social issue faced by the youth is unemployment. Both short term and long term solutions have been discussed to address this issue.
We have already commenced a programme to provide employment for 100,000 persons representing the most underprivileged families in the country. Simultaneously, we have set plans in motion to provide job opportunities to 50,000 graduates and train them to render their services efficiently.
When offering government job opportunities, we will accord priority to poorest of the households. Further, we will have to ensure equal distribution of job opportunities for every province.
Every appointee to the government should contribute productively to the country. Therefore, no unnecessary and arbitrary enrollment will be allowed to any ministry or institution.
Both ministries and state ministries will work in cooperation with the respective private sector establishments in the industry to generate job opportunities.
In addition, we will take necessary steps to promote self-employment and entrepreneurship in each industry as well.
Our duty and responsibility is not to distribute job opportunities but to generate them.
In order to overcome both local and global challenges and revive the economy, we will have to adopt new ways of thinking. Out of the box thinking is required in order to meet the economic challenges. This time, the ministries have been formed with this thought in mind.
We have ascertained the requirement for a people-centric economy for our economic revival. When forming ministries, special attention was given in assigning their subjects and tasks to cover fields such as agriculture, plantations, fisheries, traditional industries and promotion of self-employed job opportunities which affect most of the people in the country.
Our basic aims are to strengthen the local economy and to increase export income.
Currently the income from tea, coconut and rubber industries is not at a satisfactory level.
We will commence operations to develop tea plantations and at the same time, the government will assist the small and medium scale tea estate owners as well. Due to the shutting down of tea factories, tea estate owners have encountered a number of difficulties. We will restart these factories and eliminate existing irregularities simultaneously encouraging the export of high quality tea products. We will reclaim the global brand name we held for Ceylon Tea.
We will also encourage planting of new coconut saplings. In order to enact a reasonable price for rubber, local rubber industrialists will be encouraged to utilize local rubber. Plantation of palm oil trees will be stopped completely.
We promote the production of export crops such as pepper and cinnamon. We will provide opportunities to generate substantial foreign exchange by providing a stable price to the farmers through value addition to agricultural products and exporting them.
In assigning responsibilities to ministries, special attention was paid to the development of urban as well as rural infrastructure facilities and to find solutions to the issue of housing for the people.
We have taken measures to identify several sectors that can directly contribute to the development of the country and to appoint State Ministers responsible for these tasks and to assign them the relevant subjects and activities.
As human resource development has been identified as a priority, the subject of education has been brought under one Ministry and four State Ministers were appointed for different responsibilities therein. Separate State Ministries for Pre-School, Education Reforms, Skills Development as well as Dhamma School and Bhikku Education have been set up due to their importance.
In achieving our future objectives, special attention needs to be paid to technical education. We will pay special attention in education reforms in respect of Grade 6 to Grade 13.
We will increase the capacity of Universities enabling all students who pass the Advanced Level Examination to pursue university education. Further, we will take measures to improve the Open University network and Distance Learning methods. The curriculum will be revised to ensure that these degree subjects would directly contribute to the growth of the economy.
The cost of electricity is an important factor that impacts the economic development process of the country. Therefore, a separate State Ministry has been set up to promote renewable energy sources.
Focus of relevant ministries will be directed to assist entrepreneurs to use modern technology for value addition, to encourage innovation and to explore new market opportunities in a creative manner.
Although our country is rich in natural resources, the value adding industries are not yet on par with international standards. Measures are afoot to earn a large sum of foreign exchange by adding value to the export of natural resources such as gems and minerals.
Methodical development of our traditional industries such as Batik, local apparel, brass, cane, pottery, furniture, gem and jewellery will pave the way for the country to promote self-employment, to generate new employment opportunities as well as to build businesses and earn a large amount of foreign exchange.
One third of country’s population depends on agriculture, plantation and fisheries as their livelihood. We should raise the living standards of these people. The development of these industries requires a new approach based on technology that goes beyond traditional methods. This is why ministries directly targeting several sectors related to agriculture, plantation and fisheries have been set up to focus attention on this matter.
We will take measures to introduce high quality packaging as well as proper transport facilities to deliver the best quality produce, minimizing wastage while taking steps to produce high quality seeds locally with the aim of providing such seeds to the farming community. We will take necessary measures to develop dairy and poultry industries.
We will also target to increase the production of organic fertilizer locally with the aim of producing toxin free foods and in the next decade to ensure total organic farming in Sri Lanka.
We are targeting a massive progress in the fisheries sector. We should halt the importation of fish into our country as our motherland is surrounded by the ocean. We will introduce a comprehensive programme to provide new technology and equipment needed to enhance the fisheries sector. All the fishery harbours will be modernized to provide facilities for multi-day fishing boats that fish in deep seas. Similarly, we will take steps to build new harbours as per any necessity.
We will bring a halt to the plundering of our oceans by unlawful foreign fishing vessels.
It is part of our strategy to introduce new technology to develop the inland fresh water fisheries industry.
The scopes and responsibilities of each Ministry and State Ministry have been demarcated very clearly. Through this initiative it is expected that the relevant Ministers will implement policies for related fields as well as to take steps to monitor the functions, activities and efficiency of State Ministries. The State Ministers are able to fulfill their respective duties and responsibilities without any hindrance as the monetary provisions required to implement development projects and financial responsibility are directly placed with them.
People are of the view that they are not getting the expected service from the public service in an efficient manner. Therefore, I request all the Ministers and State Ministers to take steps to provide fast and efficient service to the public via Ministries, Departments and Institutions that come under their purview. During my recent visits to several State institutions, I observed that some institutional procedures of those institutions do not add any value to the government or to the public but only waste the time of the public. You should identify new methods to provide efficient, speedy and convenient service to the public instead of continuing with prevailing traditional methods. You need to re-engineer the processes for greater productivity and customer satisfaction. We should find new technological solutions in this regard.
In the National Policy Framework ‘Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour’, we promised the people that we would eradicate waste and corruption. This is a core responsibility of all of us. We will take steps to completely eradicate waste and corruption in all the Ministries and institutions. In future I will not hesitate to enforce the law against those who are involved in fraud and corrupt actions, irrespective of the status of any such perpetrators.
Constantly I will review the progress of the achievement of the goals of the Government that are implemented through Ministries and the public sector. If I find any Ministry failing to achieve its set targets, I will not hesitate to effect necessary changes to implement policies of the Government.
In the current political culture, most of the people’s representatives, after they get elected, neglect the prime duty of going to the people. When I travelled round the country in the recent past, this was confirmed by the people who voiced their grievance on this matter. Henceforth, ministers, state ministers as well as members of Parliament will fulfill this expectation of the people by visiting them often to understand their issues and find solutions to their issues.
The basis of the success of a democratic state is its constitution. Our Constitution, which has been amended 19 times, from its inception in 1978, has many ambiguities and uncertainties, presently resulting in confusion. As the people have given us the mandate we wanted for a constitutional amendment, our first task will be to remove the 19th Amendment to the Constitution. After that, all of us will get together to formulate a new constitution suitable for the country. In this, the priority will be given to the concept of one country, one law for all the people.
An unstable Parliament that cannot take firm decisions and succumbs to extremist influences very often is not suitable for a country. While introducing a new constitution, it is essential to make changes to the current electoral system. While retaining the salutary aspects of the proportional representation system, these changes will be made to ensure stability of the Parliament and people’s direct representation.
I love my country. I am proud of my country. I have a vision for my country. Our ardent desire is to build a prosperous nation with a productive citizen, contented family and a righteous society. What we have done so far as well as the plans we propose to implement in future will be aimed to achieve this objective.
We have arrived at an important landmark in history. The people have given the current government a massive mandate. We have been given the responsibility to take the country towards prosperity while safeguarding the people and protecting the sovereignty of the country without succumbing to any force. The present generation must fulfill that responsibility for the sake of the future generations.
This is the Motherland of all of us. Hence, the time has come for all of us to join hands for the sake of the country irrespective of race, religion or party differences.
I extend my hand of friendship to everyone to join me in building the prosperous nation we promised to our people.
According
to this individual going by the name of Basil Rajapakse, a new Constitution is
a must and it is being introduced to the people of Sri Lanka for their
betterment and cannot be changed at the will and pleasure of the people.
Reaffirming
what was said on 09 Jul 20, this brash individual likened the Constitution to a
shirt; Sri Lanka’s Constitution is torn in 19 places and has patches all over
it; it perforce must be replaced with a brand-new shirt, of Basil’s choice,
which will not tear easily.
The
immediate need before a new Constitution is introduced, is abolishing the 19th
Amendment” said our man Basil Rajapakse.
Who on
Earth or hell is this Basil Rajapakse and what gave Him the Right to decide
whether a New Constitution is needed and the type of Constitution?
B R
is sworn to look after US interests wherever he may be
The Basil
Rajapakse we are speaking of is an American. This American upstart is telling
us, why Sri Lanka needs a New Constitution and what type of Constitution we
must settle for.
He was
born in Sri Lanka and had been a member of the UNP. In 1997 he, with his
family, migrated to the US, forsaking his Motherland.
In the
US, Basil Rajapakse applied for US citizenship; he was made a US Citizen after
he convinced the US Government that he and his family would faithfully serve
the US and its interests, as loyal subjects of that country.
Basil
Rajapakse made this point emphatically (See the box below if you care to see
the Oath of Allegiance Basil took) when he swore that he had, without remorse,
severed all loyalties and fidelities to Sri Lanka and that he was disowning his
Motherland; he swore that he would always work with US interests at heart,
wherever that would be, even at the peril of risking his life to that end.
It
naturally followed that this Basil Rajapakse would physically take up arms,
even against Sri Lanka, on behalf of the US. If Sri Lanka and the US were to be
in conflict with each other, Basil Rajapakse has pledged that Sri Lanka would
be his Enemy.
Even
if Sri Lanka and the US were not in conflict with each other, it would, always
be US interest that this Basil would be pursuing, even if it meant jettisoning
Sri Lanka’s interest.
With what
authority is an American speaking to the Sri Lankan people and deciding on what
is good or bad for them?
Basil
Rajapakse happens to be a younger brother of Mahinda Rajapakse the Country’s
beloved and charismatic hero. Mahinda and his family would never dream of
forsaking their Motherland, pledging loyalty to a Foreign country and working
disgracefully towards achieving Enemy ends. Mahinda would rather die with his
boots on than denigrate himself to such low levels.
Mahinda
is a courageous man and for him, there are no Goliaths amongst the community of
Nations. The interest of all Sri Lankans is what matters to him most.
But Basil
is a different kettle of fish; to him, loyalties do not matter. What does it
take for a man, who without batting an eyelid abandons and sell his Motherland,
to plot the downfall of his own brother?
During
the recently concluded General Elections, there was a strong undercurrent of
forces working against Mahinda to oust him from Kurunegala and deprive him of a
seat in Parliament. This was the plan of the US that leaked out; the Americans
consider Mahinda a threat to their plans and wanted him out of Parliament; they
did not want him to be the Prime Minister.
With
Mahinda out of way (if the American plan had worked) the Americans had made
plans for Basil, Ranil and Premadasa. In those circumstances, who would the
Prime Minister have been? who would the Deputy PM have been, a post that has
been planned for by the Americans? Is this the reason why Ranil is yet sticking
on and insisted on having for himself the single slot that the UNP has in
Parliament? Is this the reason why Basil is making loud political sounds?
The
Americans failed to achieve their objectives at the Elections; they are
regrouping. Mahinda has to be careful and look over his shoulders. He and his
team in Parliament are needed to stop the MCC and prevent the American takeover
of the country
Basil’s
Need to repeal Amendment 19
Amendment
19 is undoubtedly an obnoxious piece of legislation and needs to be repealed,
but not entirely. Before Amendment 19 came into force Americans (and other
foreign Nationals) through the mechanism of dual citizenship had a ‘right’ to
rule Sri Lanka.
Amendment
19 put an end to it. With Amendment 19 in place, Basil Rajapakse the American,
is not eligible to enter Parliament nor eligible to be the President of the
country.
The
obnoxious clauses in Amendment 19 must be repealed but those provisions that
prevent the Americans from ruling this country must be retained at all costs;
indeed, this thread of thought must be extended to include all political and
public life including holding posts in political parties.
Why is it
unsuitable for Basil to hold any Political position/ post in this
country?
Basil is
an American and is compelled to look after American interest and not Sri Lankan
interests. At this moment, relations with the US are on edge and every
possibility of the situation deteriorating further.
At this
juncture the major issues with the Americans are the MCC, ACSA and SOFA;
critical decisions affecting our National Security and Sovereignty have to be
taken and to say that Basil is a security risk is a gross understatement; the
same argument holds for Moragoda and his team surrounding the President. In all
their decisions they are required to look at US interests and how all these fit
in with US designs in pivoting to Asia.
The need
for a new Constitution?
Basil has
indicated the need for a new Constitution. That is exactly what the Americans
want. The present Executive system of Government is what the Country needs
especially at this time because it provides for strong Government; strong
Government gives the President the best opportunity to meet the threats solidly
as it did during the terrorist campaign and to develop the country.
The
arguments adduced by Basil for a new Constitution are strangely, naïve. The
Constitution is not an ornament; the amendments to a Constitution reflect the
vibrancy of a democracy. India for example has a 104 Amendments, the US a 27,
Germany a 62 and so forth.
This is a
crucial period of our history and we shall overcome the threats from the MCC,
ACSA and SOFA. Mahinda got a strong mandate from the people and has the
political craftiness engrained in him. Gota is a good administrator and must
lean towards him. Together, they can steer the country out of the woods with
the people’s support.
“I,
Basil Rohana Rajapaksa, hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely
renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince,
potentate, state, or sovereignty, of whom or which I have heretofore been a
subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of
the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I
will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on
behalf of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform non-combatant
service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law; that
I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when
required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely, without any mental
reservation or purpose of evasion; so help me God.”
This
paper details the concept of economic development to jump start the rural
economy and alleviate poverty beyond COVID 19.
The
strategy is to combine the presently available infrastructure and
administrative facilities and bring a new dimension of human motivation
factors, as well as, to adding new resources to strength the weak areas and
those that are non-existent presently.
The paper commences with the author’s assumptions, followed by three critical parameters necessary for accelerated development. They are:
(i) A motivated workforce (ii) Efficient infrastructure facilities (iii) A dedicated administrative structure
The
paper thereafter proposes the development of an action plan. The main features
being:
(i) Objectives, (ii) Activities to achieve the objectives, (iii) Work hours needed to achieve objectives, (iv) Cost estimation of the total project (v) Monitoring and evaluation methods, (vi) Expected benefits and ripple effects to the total economy.
ARTHIKA
DUPATHA (ECONOMIC OASIS)
(This is a concept to jump start the rural economy and alleviate poverty
beyond COVID 19 using presently available infrastructure and administrative
facilities and adding new resources where necessary. It is pertinent to mention
that agricultural and industrial revolutions took place in all ancient
civilizations and in the recent world in a similar fashion. In other words,
provision of administrative functions and supervision from a central node
radiating outwards in every direction. At the same time, the provision of
facilities for growing harvesting and manufacturing and social and recreational
facilities for comfortable living to every citizen)
Qualifications
and Assumptions by the author
The author is not aware of the present ground situation
Believes that a part of the infrastructure needs mentioned
below are in existence but not necessarily inter connected
Aware that agronomical activities are going on but without
the necessary support services that are necessary
Assumes that adding value to agricultural produce to the final
market is limited
Believes that there is no
sophisticated processing of goods to the local and export market
Structure is not adequate
to meet what is proposed here
Believes that product
planning and marketing of finished goods is weak or non-existent.
Believes that the farming
community and the entrepreneur circles do not have a coherent structure or plan
Aware that a coherent
administrative system existed under the British rule to cater to their
mercantile interests and unfortunately due to political expediency this
excellent system without being adopted to suit new independent Sri Lanka was
jerry meandered and torn apart.
The process of economic development with special emphasis on agroindustry
and poverty alleviation
The
economic advancement of a country depends on three critical parameters. They
are;
1. A motivated workforce,
2. Efficient infrastructure
facilities,
3. A dedicated
administrative structure
Critical Parameter 1.
– A motivated workforce
The
different facets of human development, motivating people and making them
productive and goal oriented are based on the well renowned and tested theories
of psychologists/behavioral scientists over the years. In order for us to succeed we must pay heed to
the observations of these experts.
In my opinion, any leader, be they, Civil,
Military or Political, need to listen and comprehend and thereafter be guided
by their observations.
Over the last 80 years, most developed
countries, as well as, fast developing countries have followed them and
benefitted in areas such as military strategy, economic development and
civilian administration
I have highlighted in this conceptual paper, the motivational theories of
four leading members of this group so as to give a background on human behavior
in relation to what is proposed here (see appendix 1).
Based
on the factors introduced here by the four renowned thinkers our planners and
movers can lay the foundations for success and longevity of this initiative
Arthika Dupath
as”
(It is important to read Appendix 1 before you
continue to read the rest of the paper)
The
process of economic advancement depends, not alone, on rules and regulations,
sweat and labor, but also, on the basic and secondary human needs of both the
administrators and the target group namely, the citizens. This is the reason
I have highlighted the theories of the four leading thinkers of human psychology
and motivation (appendix 1) so that the planners and administrators could evaluate
their own status as well those of the target group and utilize these findings
on motivation so that they will be guided by them when executing this project
or any other project
Therefore,
any plan needs to cater to their human needs, such as, comfort, security,
safety, relaxation, togetherness, laughter, camaraderie, fear for their children’s
future and security of work environment. Given below are
examples:
Comfort: Many households and homesteads
in the countryside do not have the space for relaxation in their homes due to
limited space
Security & safety: Many do not have a
secure place to leave the children while they work, store their valuables, emergency
call system in case of illness or accidents, nursing care, among others
Relaxation: In the villages
relaxation is limited due to cost of facilities such as TV, video, music
systems etc.
Togetherness: This is limited due to
long hours of work, chores of fetching water, washing clothes among others
Laughter. Due to heavy every day
burdens this is limited
Camaraderie: this normally develops in
the workplace and continues thereafter but is limited due to work pressure and
cultural barriers
Children’s future: Most parents wish to
give their children access to better education than they had but this is
limited in the country side. This is available in the cities, towns, the village
schools do not have adequate teachers on the STEM system (science, technology, engineering
and mathematics) neither do they have, well equipped laboratory facilities and
the required infrastructure.
Security of work
environment: the systems available in the
countryside are weak and lopsided in areas, such as, infrastructure facilities,
storage facilities, transport systems, cool rooms, and repair workshops. There are no schemes for forward guarantee,
fair pricing and guaranteed purchase schemes of the crops and products at
harvest time. On the side of post-harvest
activities scant attention is given to selection of quality products,
modern packaging, semi and full processing of products. This contributes to
waste and spoilage as much as 40% of the produce before it reaches the consumer
What
we really need is a new way of thinking to overcome all these deficiencies. The concept proposed below is to develop
satellite facility centers ARTHIKA DUPATAs” (ADs) that cater to the target
group, administrators, planners and the general population as a whole.
(2a) Administrative buildings (existing buildings could be
utilized, if available) for various administrative activities. The permanent
administrators, technical staff, teachers and other professionals will reside
permanently in the houses that are provided in the special housing schemes.
(2b) Health care facilities: This wouldconsist of a General Hospital, An Ayurveda hospital
complex, Maternity care center, infant
milk feeding center, Crèche, Day care
center, Seniors’ home and care centers
among others
(2c) Police Post and Court complex, correction facilities and other legal facilities
(2d) Library and reading facilities with computer backup
(2e) Outdoor and indoor recreational and Sports facilities such as volleyball,
badminton, basketball, tennis, swimming etc.
Indoor recreation facilities such as board games, carrom, darts, chess,
draughts, table tennis, among others. These facilities to be available to all
citizens in the ‘Arthika Dupathas’.
Musical center catering to those inclined to learn to play musical
instruments, to sing and learn various dance forms.
(2f) Banking and other financial facilities such as Development banking,
Commercial Banking, micro finance facilities, financial advisory centers among
others
(2g) Industrial complex with facilities for milling, grinding, forging, welding, arc
furnace, blacksmiths, wood working among others. A dedicated facility for canning, aseptic
packaging, crushing, mincing, juicing and bottling facilities, semi processing
products, freeze packaging among others, where entrepreneurs, farmers and
growers and small businesses could use these
facilities under supervision on a usage-based time payment basis.
Medium
to large scale Processing and Production facilities in partnership with the
private sector to manufacture finished products such as fruit juices, other
beverages, different types of sauces, jams and preservatives, milk and meat
products both for the export market and
the local market
(2h)
Efficient road network, transport system and communication network
(2i) Agrarian Center to propagate and sell plants and seedlings, plant nurseries,
compost organic soils, agricultural tools and gardening implements.
(2j) Educational facilities such as,
A Senior/ Secondary/ Primary school (a la Royal College). Existing
schools if any could be upgrade with state-of-the-art laboratory facilities and
proficient and experienced teachers. Encourage top grade teachers to
permanently reside here, special allowances such as distress allowance, free
travel facilities to be provided. Apart from all the welfare facilities such
as, subsidized/free housing, social and recreational facilities mentioned
elsewhere.
(2k) Agri Skills training and Demonstration Centre for training of better
farming methods, preparation of fertilizer, skill training in apiary( bee keeping), aqua culture
(aquarium fish), sericulture (silk worm rearing), animal husbandry, manufacture
of milk products such as cheese, yoghurt, curd, butter, weaving and reed ware
etc.
(2 l) Technical school to teach theory and practice in technical and technological fields
(2m) Skills training Centre based on the German
Gymnasium system. In this system basic skills training is divided into 120 job
categories such as, scientific sewing, hair dressing, personals care, culinary
work, book keeping, draughtsmanship, secretarial work, woodwork, carpentry,
lathing, welding and soldering, electrical work, electronics, animal husbandry,
among others
(2n) Religious facilities: Places of worship for all faiths with assembly halls
for children’s religious education
(2o) Social facilities Centre such as theatre, film center,
facility for weddings, receptions and social gatherings, meeting rooms for
conferences and workshops
(2p) Last rites facilities: funeral parlous and crematoriums and cemeteries,
(2q) Food catering Center: Mixed food court (like in Singapore) where the common
man and the high official can eat in the same environment.
(2r) Storage facilities such as, large warehouses, silos for paddy and pulses, corn,
semi processed products such as cassava chips, pepper, cinnamon etc. Cool rooms
for tobacco leaves for export, canned fruits and juices, medicinal plants,
among others
(2s) Housing complexes for all administrative staff, teachers and other
professional staff so that they live on a permanent basis while they are employed
in the AD
(2t) A mixed market place. Market stalls for fresh vegetables, fruits and a wet
market for meat and fish, a market for dry goods groceries together with
facilities for a weekly ‘pola’
(2u) Water Body: If there is an existing lake (‘weva’) to be improved. In the absence of one, to create a water body
for example, by damning a river or building an aqueduct to transport water from
another water source
(2v) Waste processing and disposal Centre for proper sanitation environmental
care
(2w) Solar farms to generate electricity for the total complex
(2x) Rain harvesting system to conserve water to be used for non-drinking purposes
(2y) Bio gas production unit, incinerators etc., where agricultural and
other waste could be converted into gas.
Most
of the towns in our target areas came up unplanned, as such, the farming
community, micro, small and medium business community self-employed people and
town administrators who live around these towns do not have a planned network
to interlink their work.
All requirement s stated above may not be
present currently. Therefore, an attempt needs to be made to coordinate
existing activities and bridge the gaps with the introduction of additional
utilities.
Critical Parameter 3 – A dedicated
Administrative Structure
Action Plan
What
is planned here is a dedicated environment with planners executors, responsible
administrators in all fields, working in coordination with the target
population.
A
Working Plan (WP) to be devised with a Mission, planned specific activities, role of the administrators and
the target groups,
Therefore,
the Working Plan (WP) would consist of
(i) Mission/project objectives
(ii) Activities to achieve
objectives
(iii) Work hours needed to achieve all activities
(iv) Estimated total project expenses,
(v) Monitoring and evaluation systems, and
(vi) Expected total benefits
(vii) Ripple effects
The
plan should be accepted and endorsed by all through seminars, people
participation work groups, fact finding discussions etc. The target population
should be aware off all the activities and benefits and believe that they have
contributed to the plan
The administrators chosen for the task force must be knowledgeable,
dedicated and motivated to give off their best continuously.
WP (i) Project objective/mission
To
set up comprehensive package of facilities for less developed areas in the
country in order to enhance to the maximum all aspect of human life both social
and economic. This in turn will bring benefits to the total economy of the
country.
WP (ii) Activities to achieve objective
Selection of target area.
Initially the district areas to be identified
are from the periphery as they are more isolated as against districts with
major towns and better infrastructure. A tentative list is given below (later
to be prioritized by the project planners)
Initially, one Arthika Dupatha to be established in one District
as a pilot project. The location to be carefully selected avoiding any major
towns already developed
(a)
Identify already existing buildings and infrastructure facilities that are
currently available that can be altered and utilized for the activities 2a
to 2y mentioned above. If any are inadequate
or absent, then new facilities to be added or constructed.
(b).
Identify activities that bring economic benefits. These will be influenced by
what is feasible in the specific area.
Given
below are examples (see appendix 2)
(Please read appendix 2 before proceeding)
(
c) Administrative action
(i)Define
owner farmers and registered growers their extension of land, what is presently
grown and the average quantity in every harvest.
(ii) Invite private sector to invest in medium and
large farms, individually or in cooperation with local entrepreneurs and land
owners.
(iii)Based
on an overall plan, give contracts for production based on specific quantities
needed in the market so that oversupply does not reduce prices, create
wastage/spoilage, lead to protests and demonstrations.
(iv) Provide extension such as business and
technical advice, provision of top-quality seeds and seedlings (young plants),
encourage organic fertilizer, facilitate implements on loan from the Implements
Loan bank. Provide agricultural extension in all areas.
(v) In the case of animal husbandry, provide top quality
(good stock) milch cows (calves), kids (goats), sheep(lamb), pigs (piglets}
pullets(chicks), ducklings and veterinary extension.
(vi) Provide financial facilities to purchase
livestock, seed, seedlings fertilizer, farm implements, etc.
(vii) Provide collection and storage facilities,
inculcate good packaging techniques among others.
(viii) Guarantees for all producers. These
fundamental assurances mentioned below will be crucial especially during
harvest time such as, storage facilities, buy back at farm gate, transport into
cool rooms all perishable items, fixed prices, buy back guarantees with prices
mutually agreed upon
(ix) Organize
factory production in the complex for products such as fruit juices and
cordials, jams, preservatives, pickles, condiments, frozen goods, meat and
poultry by products, milk products using state of the art packaging techniques
such as aseptic packaging (tetra pack), frozen packs, bottling and tin cans, so
that all grown and produced items and their by- products are made ready for
local and international market
(x)
To aid micro businesses, organize Business Cocoons (a concept introduced by,
the author in South Africa) see appendix 3
(xi)
Bring back the old ‘Rajakariya” system, i.e., compulsory voluntary work from
all citizens. Suggest that each citizen to provide 7 days free labor/work per
year for the government).
Examples
of what they can provide, are cleaning the environment, tree planting, painting
buildings, cutting drainage canals, clearing roads and beaches of debris,
teaching, manning day care centers, teaching English, providing sewing classes
etc.,
(xii)
Environment friendly activities; organize a tree planting campaign on all roads
(both sides) as well as on the boundaries of rivers, reservoirs and other water
bodies, with a mixture of selected trees that has economic and environmental
benefits.
Examples
are, Food trees ( Jak, Bread
fruit, etc.), medicinal (‘aralu’,’bulu,’ etc) hard woods (Teak,
Mahogany , etc.,), soft woods (‘lunumidella,’ kapok, etc), flowering
trees (Jacaranda, Flamboyant, etc), shade trees (‘mara,’ ‘nuga’
etc,).
(xiii)
Plan and execute and back up for all items mentioned in 2a to 2y previously
(xiv)
Develop planning charts for every activity (templates available with the writer.)
C. Total work hours needed
Prepare
charts showing activity, work-hours of each individual involved with planning,
execution and monitoring, time span for completion, monitoring and evaluation
Projections
for work hours needed would include work hours of each individual both
administrative, supervision, labour hours for every activity from commencement
to completion. Please note accurate assessment of total work hours is
critical for cost calculations
D. Cost Calculations
Calculate
the cost of each activity which would include, capital goods, raw materials,
transport, intermediate goods, processing, storage, livestock, factory time
processing into finished and semi-finished goods, packaging marketing costs
etc. Add total work hours for every given activity.
There
are many ways in finding funds for the activities, Possible fund sources are
Government development funds already demarcated to the area, Foreign Aid from
World Bank, Asian Development Bank,
funds from the private sector, Donor funds from different countries, such as,
USAID (USA) GTZ (Germany) CIDA and IDRC (Canada) JAICA(Japan) Sasakwa
foundation (Japan) SIDA (Sweden) FINNIDA (Finland), DANIDA (Denmark) British AID
( UK) AUS AID (Australia), Development
Aid from India, China, Russia, among
others.
Funds
from local billionaires, millionaires, benefactors, investors and other
philanthropists
E. Monitoring and evaluation
M
& E will be based on the activity charts mentioned above. Depending on the
activity the monitoring group will monitor and evaluate on a weekly, monthly,
quarterly basis. If issues arise on projects such as disease and pestilence,
breakdowns and any other unplanned or unexpected cause, course correction will
place at these M&E meetings
F. Total Expected Benefits would include, among others
Appreciation of good benevolent administration/
government,
A development model that can be copied,
Agro based industry centric administrative system
A well-knit and functioning administrativesystem,
Multiple benefits to the whole economy,
Alleviation of poverty especially among the rural poor,
Income generation especially among the youth and women,
A satisfied populace in every aspect of life,
New income generation activities for all,
Social welfare and recreational facilities,
Health care for all,
Constructive law and order for all,
Affordable housing
based on income differences,
Better state of the art education in all relevant fields,
Technical job training,
Job Specific skills training,
Business
opportunities,
Financial intermediaries catering to all entrepreneurs
New entrepreneurship
avenues,
Raw material banks to
facilitate easy access to raw materials,
Farm implement and
tools banks for hiring of implements
Continuous industrial
and agricultural extension activities,
Planned cultivation
schedules based on market demand,
Efficient harvesting,
processing and storage facilities,
State of the art
manufacturing facilities,
Industrial cocoons to
breed new entrepreneurs,
Guaranteed buy back mechanisms for all produce,
Internal and external
marketing and sales structure,
Income/Profits for all
farmers,
Adequate and efficient
transport systems,
Fully employed productive labour ,
Supplementary service
providers,
New entrepreneurs,
New income generating
activities for women at home,
Self-employed individuals
through the cocoon system,
New stay at home
entrepreneurs,
Sub-contracting networks, among others
Ripple effects
Ripple effects would be that all involved in the AD,
individuals, men, women and children be they administrators, service givers,
school goers living in the AD will reach their maximum motivation and
satisfaction levels as described earlier under the analysis of the 4 psychologists
(appendix1)
For
example,
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (refer back) they would have achieved needs such as physical, safety and social, reaching towards self- esteem and self-actualization
needs.
Herzberg’s, both hygiene and motivator factors will be imbibed by most
of the participants both from the administration and private sector partners,
as well as, rest of the people involved in the programme
McGregor’s Theory X and Y. In this case,
those falling into the group under theory X will be compelled to fall in line
as the government and the private sector will need to impose a management
system of coercion, control and punishment to achieve goals defined in the
program and those who fall into the category of Theory Y the rewards and
benefits of the project will be the main motivator
McClelland’s Needs theory of motivation will satisfy those who desire the
need for affiliation, while those seeking the need for power will have their
objectives fulfilled. Those who desire the need for achievement will benefit
most.
In terms of the people and the
country
For the first time since independence a permanent solution to
development of the country will be in force.
When people have regular income and all other needs are
satisfied there will not be a need for insurrection, revolutions, mass
protests, nor will they want to spend their time in protests
People will not migrate to the cities in search of jobs which
will reduce slum dwellings and reduce crime and the drug menace
Government handouts will be less and the proposal is a boost
for poverty alleviation as anyone without employment will be absorbed into the
system
Appendix 1: HOW DO YOU MOTIVATE PEOPLE
Abraham Maslow’s* Hierarchy of Needs in his treatise on theory
of human motivation (1943). He described human needs in ascending order as
Basic Needs
i) Physical, being the need for air, water, rest,
health and physiological as breathing, food, water, sex, homeostats, excretion
and warmth.
ii) Safety and security of body, employment, resources,
morality, family, health, shelter, stability, property, protection, order, law,
limits and stability
Psychological needs
iii. Social, Love,
belonging
Need
for: being loved, belonging, inclusion.
Friendship, family, sexual intimacy
iv. Esteem, Ego
Need
for: self-esteem, power, recognition, Prestige, Confidence, Achievement,
Respect of others, respect by others, Feeling of achievement
Self-fulfillment needs
v. Self-actualization
Need
for: Development, morality, creativity, spontaneity, lack of prejudice,
acceptance of facts
*Abram
Maslow, US Physiologist (1908 to 1970) best known for his theory of Human
motivation ((1943) Hierarchy of needs and Self Actualization
2. Fredrick Herzberg’ s* Two factor theory of motivation- Hygiene factors
and Motivator factors.
Hygiene factors: salaries, wages and
other benefits, company policy and administration, good interpersonal
relationships, quality of supervision, job security, working conditions (when
in place) they result in general satisfaction and prevention of dissatisfaction
Motivator factors: Sense of personal
Achievement, Status, Recognition, Challenging/Stimulating work, Responsibility,
Opportunity for Advancement, Promotion and growth (when in place) they result
in High motivation, High Satisfaction and Strong commitment
*Fredrick
Herzberg. Behavioral scientist (1923-200 best known for his Two Factor Theory
of Motivation (1959)
3. Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y
Theory X
Individuals who dislike work and avoid it whenever possible.
Individuals who lack ambition dislike responsibility and
prefer to be led
iii. Individuals who
desire security.
The management implications for theory X workers to achieve
organizational (development) objectives a business (government) need to impose
a management system of coercion, control, and punishment
Theory Y
individuals consider effort at work as just like Rest and
play
They
are people who do not dislike work. Depending on the working conditions, work
could be considered a source of satisfaction or punishment
The management implications for theory Y workers are that ,to achieve
organization objectives of rewards of
varying kinds are likely to be the most
popular motivator. Hence the challenge for management (administration) is to
create a working environment (culture)where workers can show and develop their
creativity.
*Douglas
McGregor, (1906-1964) management professor at MIT Sloan School of management
Famous for his Theory X and Y on Human work
motivation (1960)
David Mc Leland’s * Need theory of Motivation
Need for Affiliation
Need for power
Need for achievement
Those
in category one wants to belong to the group, wants to be liked
and will go along with whatever the rest of the group wants to do
Those
in category Two, Want control and influence others, like to win
arguments, enjoy competition and winning and enjoys status and recognition
Those
in Category Three, Sets and accomplishes challenging goals, take
calculated risks, like to receive regular feedback on their progress and
achievement, likes to work alone
*David
McClelland ( 1917 to 1998)Professor of Psychology Harvard University noted for
his work on Motivation need theory(1961)
APPENDIX 2 –
AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS
Paddy cultivation, identify a few high yielding
varieties that are popular with the consumers.
There are serious inefficiencies here which need to be addressed such
as, usage of land left fallow during the seasons when soil enriching other
crops could be grown, wasteful irrigation, haphazard use of fertilizer, primitive methods of
sowing, weeding, too many bunds wasting cultivable land due to the ande”
system and ownership issues, labour
intensive harvesting and threshing, primitive drying methods, bad bagging/packaging and storage. (see an
alternative proposal in Appendix 4)
Cash crops such as onions, chilies, seed potatoes, potatoes, yams,
cassava, sweet potatoes, pulses, soya beans, corn, maize, coriander mustard.
Mung beans, cowpea, Ginger, fenugreek, All varieties of vegetables and gourds
such as water /honey melons, pumpkins, Maringa, among others
Fruit farms (both for export and local consumption), such as, mango,
papaya, banana, pineapple, durian, rambutan, sour sap, oranges grapefruit,
pears, grapes, apples, star fruit, dragon fruit, guavas, straw berries, passion
fruit, pomegranate, tomatoes, limes and lemons,
Spice farms such as cinnamon, nutmeg, pepper, cardamom, cloves among
others abandoned land/under cultivated/uncultivated land to be acquired and
leased or sold in 5acre blocks to private sector farmers to grow spices for
export (contracts to be sought with spice giants such as McCormic Co of Canada
or USA.
Raw material for small business, cane, reeds, ‘paang, cactus ‘patok’
‘bata’, bamboo, water hyacinth to be used in manufacture of reed ware baskets, mats,
bags, hats and other accessories
Tree fruits such as coconut, breadfruit, jak, durian, Pomelo, avocado,’
goraka’, tamarind, areca nut, wood apple, ‘beli’ fruit, among others
Vegetables of all varieties
Other possible projects
Seri
culture( silk work rearing), apiculture (bee keeping), aqua culture (fish
breeding in lakes and other water bodies),
edible sea fish breeding in netted cages in the estuaries, mangrove
swamp crocodile farming ( for their skins for export) aquarium fish breeding (for
export) edible frog farming for frog legs export, deer and goat farming for
export ,
*The
author is experienced in leading and introducing such projects in many
countries abroad
Micro and Small business. In fields such as,reed ware,
basket ware,
brassware,
ironware, copperware, wood products, bamboo and reed products, clay, stone and cement-based
products, among others.
Service industry: electrical and electronic repairs,
vehicle repairs, cellphone networksetc.
Appendix 3 –
THE INDUSTRIAL
COCOON CONCEPTS
Introduction
A
cocoon is woven by butterflies to grow its young and from this cocoon emerges a
beautiful butterfly. Similarly, we can nurture our aspiring entrepreneurs in a
business cocoon to become successful entrepreneurs
The concept
The
concept although similar to industrial estates, business hives, industrial
parks and incubators is somewhat different. For many years, countries have set
up industrial parks, estates but they have not been efficient or successful due
to many reasons
Why a Cocoon?
The
idea of a cocoon was developed to replace some of the shortcomings of the other
alternatives. The cocoon is a place where micro or small businesses are
assisted with working space, raw materials technical knowhow, machine and tools
on hire, other utilities such as, electricity, water, effluent treatment, rest
room facilities, first aid center,
training services, RD facilities, fire and hazard control, finances, product
design and quality and a market for the product through advance buying
contracts
They
could be clustered as single product cocoon (e.g. straw hats, bamboo table mats, reed
slippers) different products from the same raw materialcocoon,(e.g.
ekle bread baskets, ekle place mats, ekle blinds, ekle artificial flower stems)
handloom weaving etc., different parts to create a final productcocoon
(e.g. leather belts which is leather, metal buckles, decorative metal
studs, locking buttons, belt pouches etc.)
The cocoon will have facilities as per diagram attached
How
do you plan the venture?
1. Location and Premises. Least
expensive and simplest would be to utilize vacant (not in use) buildings such
as warehouses, railway yard buildings, old factory buildings etc.
Another
option would be, used and discarded containers, making them habitable by adding
a roof and cutting doors and windows
More
expensive would be constructing large hangers where factory space could be
demarcated as per diagram.
2. Skills training. Short Training of
entrepreneur skills for 15 days. Skills training on product processing 15 days
3. Utilities. such as, water, electricity, communication
facilities, waste disposal, firefighting equipment among others.
4. Manpower needs. Government/private
sector administrator, first aid nurse and attendant, one or two entrepreneurs
to act as providers of raw materials one entrepreneur as provider of tools for
hire, another entrepreneur as security and firefighting, IDB consultants for
business extension and advice, another entrepreneur to run a trading house to market
the goods
5. Entrepreneurs select 20 to 40 micro and
small entrepreneurs to produce goods
6.
Contracts, develop contracts to be signed by each and every
participant identifying each one roles and obligations, limits and authorities
7. Moving to their new locations after
3 years where they are provided for a fee their new premises within 300 to 1000
meters with access to all the facilities at the center, which will be for
another 2 years
8. During these 3 + 2 years the
entrepreneurs are guided in areas such as saving from profits, opening a
bank account and establishing good relations with banks, instructions on how to
save and invest for the future, establishing good relation with buyers and
suppliers of goods and other institutions, Look for land, location, market area
9. New batch is taken into the cocoon
every 3 years
10. Help is provided for the participants to move after the 5th year
to other locations and expand their businesses
* This concept was conceptualized by the author and activated in South
Africa under a small business Development project
Appendix 4 –
A possible alternative for land
utilization in the cultivation of rice (block farming)
There is considerable waste in the
field of Agriculture in the cultivation of rice
For example, in the case of land
demarcated for Paddy cultivation, the concept of inheritance and decimation of
land into minute blocks is totally uneconomical, leading to waste in land,
labor, water, fertilizer, apart from poor methodology of land use.
A possible way
forward is Block farming*. Amalgamating paddy lands into say 100-acre
blocks. A large stakeholder providing
the management and administration and in turn having a certain portion of
shares in the company for their financial investment. Every small holder farmer/ owner who
subscribes, pledging their land to the company to be issued shares on land
value.
The benefits to
the farmer are many folds, (i) holds ownership of land as well as being a
shareholder of the company (ii) receives share of the profit
(iii) obtains
permanent employment in the paddy estate with a daily wage for their labour(iv)
becomes exempt from all the laborious activities, of purchasing seed,
fertilizer, insecticides and weedicides, manually ploughing the fields, sowing
harvesting, security/ guarding, financing, storing, marketing etc.
The overall benefits
will be;
intelligent
use of mechanized agriculture,
water
conservation,
efficient
harvesting methods,
intelligent use and control of fertilizer,
pest control and prevention of vermin attack,
reduction and /or elimination of spoilage,
efficient scientific storage facilities,
the up gradation of farmer livelihoods,
improved scientific agriculture methods,
income generating short crops during the two
off seasons,
benefit to the farmer through elimination of
lost time, due to, ill health,
paucity of cash in finding funds for, seed paddy, fertilizer, storage, water
and farm implements etc.,
growing of better varieties for export,
A feasibility study
to be carried through a pilot project.
It may be worthwhile to look at the possibility of selecting
the land area under the Kattukurai kulam Resevoir, in the Puttalam district
where paddy lands are to be allocated to selected farmers on a quotient basis (News item Ceylon Today 13th may 2020). As a test case a private sector company could
be encouraged to involve themselves with the likely farmers as shareholders, as
well as, cultivators as suggested above
Please refer also to existing studies available at the Central
Bank and other Agriculture Research units and the Department of Agriculture on
wastage in harvesting and transport, vermin/rodent attacks on harvested paddy
etc. The perennial loss of cultivable best paddy lands. According to Dr A. Tennakoon’s
research, around 33% of the most suitable land is not cultivated due to the
‘Thatu maru’ system which waste cultivable land on ownership boundaries
(Niyaras)
*The writer introduced a similar scheme in Uganda for coffee small
holders details available with him
Author
Dr.
Anton Balasuriya is a Development Economist with extensive management
and development experience in the Asia Pacific Region, Africa and South
America.
He has worked on several development projects
in many related fields in 34 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. A
noteworthy sojournwas
in South Africa where as Senior advisor to the President Mandela Government he
was responsible for the small micro medium enterprise template for the country
as well as Government Capital budgeting.
In Uganda, he was Chief of Party for a project titled COMPETE which was
Championed by President Muzaveni designed to address Poverty Alleviation via
competitiveness mechanisms for the Fisheries, Coffee & Cotton sectors.
Dr. Balasuriya was a Senior Economist of the Central
Bank of Sri Lanka, a Senior Manager at Unilever, Founding CEO of the Sri Lanka Business Development
Centre, before venturing overseas as CEO of Technonet Asia, Singapore, an
international network of 13 Asian Pacific countries He was head hunted to lead
the New south African initiative on small enterprise development under the
Mandela administration. Over the last 24 years he has planned, participated and
lead several assignments in thirty-four countries principally in the
Development Economics genre.
Dr. Balasuriya earned a BA. Economics from
Peradeniya, Srilanka. MSc in Economic
Planning from the University of Stockholm, Sweden. DBA and Ph.D. from Edinburgh
thesis on Financial problems of Small
and Medium firms in Ceylon”
He has served as a consultant to innumerable
projects both in Sri Lanka and overseas on national development programs for
local & foreign institutions and Governments.
Colombo Dockyard (CDPLC) is set to start the construction of six Eco Bulk Carriers for Norwegian company Misje Eco Bulk.
The contract also includes four optional Eco Bulk Carriers.
Initially signed in March, the contract is expected to become effective next month after receiving the owner’s final board approval.
The 89.95m-long vessels will be able to accommodate the cargo capacity of 5,000 deadweight tonnage (dwt).
The vessels will be powered by a four-stroke engine and will be able to carry bulk cargo, grain, timber, unit loads and containers.
The eco-friendly vessels will emit lower emissions than the traditional bulk carriers.
Wartsila Ship Design Norway provided the concept and the basic design of the bulk carriers while Colombo Dockyard is responsible for the detailed designing.
Former President Maithripala Sirisena was not informed about the foreign intelligence information with regard to possible terror attack by National Thowheed Jama’at (NTJ) leader Zahran Hashim and his associates, former State Intelligence Service (SIS) Director SDIG Nilantha Jayawardena today informed the Presidential Commission of Inquiry (PCoI) investigating the Easter Sunday attacks.
SDIG Jayawardena made this statement while responding to a question raised by a commissioner. He was also questioned about the threat assessment report prepared by the SIS prior to President Sirisena’s visit to Batticaloa on April 12, 2019.
The threat assessment report did not refer to a foreign intelligence agency on April 4, 2019 which mentioned that a group including the National Thowheed Jama’at (NTJ) leader Zahran Hashim and his followers could launch a terror attack.
In response, he said that it was not mentioned in the report, as it was not something relevant to former President’s visit.
SDIG Jayawardena added that the SIS regularly received information with regard to certain security threats to various VVIPs served in the previous ‘Yahapalana’ government, but most of them did not pay attention to those intelligence.
Chaturanga Samarawickrama Courtesy The Daily Mirror
The Government had decided to provide motorcycles for Public Health Inspectors (PHIs) to encourage and appreciate their services during the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.
Accordingly, more than 800 motorcycles would be given away as the first phase of the programme before August 30 in Colombo.
Director General Of Health Services Dr. J.M.W. Jayasundara Bandara said the programme will go ahead according to the guidelines issued by the Health Ministry.
Cabinet had given its nod to a paper submitted by Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa as his capacity of being the Minister of Finance to probe all alleged misdeeds of state banking network that had taken place during the past years.
The paper also sought to further strengthen the state banking network.
The state banks including the Bank of Ceylon, Peoples Bank, National Savings Bank and Rural Development Bank will be prepared and shaped to meet the challenges brought on by the COVID -19 pandemic while misdeeds that had taken place these banks since January 8, 2020 will also be probed. A study will also be conducted to determine whether these banks have violated the Banking Acts and whether they have carried out non-productive activities during the given period as per the cabinet paper,” a release from the Finance Ministry said.
Another objective of the cabinet paper is to determine as to which officers are responsible for misdeeds and also the external forces which have been involved in them and to ensure that there will not be any misdeeds in the future.
Former High Court Judge Sisira Ratnayake, Certified Accountant Susantha de Silva, Retired Additional Auditor General W. Premananda will be included in the committee appointed to conduct the probe.
Puttalam district – SLPP Chinthaka Amal Mayadunne (46,058) MNA Abdul Ali Sabri Mohamed (33,509)
Kurunegala district – SLPP Dr. Gunapala Ratnasekara (141,991) Asanka Nawaratne (82,779) Samanpriya Herath (66,814) U.K. Sumith Udukumbura (51,134)
National list MPs SLPP Sagara Kariyawasam (lawyer) Ajith Nivard Cabraal (former Central Bank governor)< Mohamed Ali Sabri (president’s counsel) Jayantha Weerasinghe (president’s counsel)< Manjula Dissanayake (widow of the late minister Salinda Dissanayake) Senior Prof. Ranjith Bandara Prof. Charitha Herath Gevindu Kumaratunga (Yuthukama) Yadamini Gunawardena (engineer) Dr. Surendra Raghavan (former northern province governor) Dr. Seetha Arambepola (former wesern province governor) Mohamed Falil Marjan (entrepreneur) SJB Diana Gamage (lawyer) ITAK Thavaraja Kalai Arasan AITC Selvarasa Gajendiran JJB Dr. Harini Amarasuriya
Dr. Chula Rajapakse MNZMFRCP(UK)FRACP( Aust/NZ)Wellington New Zealand
The about 10% Tamil minority in Sri Lanka were the privileged minority of one hundred and fifty years of the Divide and Rule” British Colonial administration, while the about 75% Sinhalese majority were the oppressed and disadvantaged majority, as they posed the greatest threat to the colonial administration.
Thus at independence, nearly 90%of Engineers and Surveyors and 60% of doctors, and a vast
majority of the civilian administration were from the 10% Tamil minority. The
first Sri Lankan to act as head of state in post independence Sri Lanka was a
Tamil, Justice C Nagalingam , i1954 as
acting Governor General. The first army commander in post independent Sri Lanka
was a Tamil, Brigadier Anton Muthucumaru . The longest serving attorney general
in SL was a Tamil, Siva Pasupathy. Till the time of the LTTE uprising in July
1983, that forced, many Tamils to flee SL as refugees to the west, lest their
children would be forcefully conscripted into the LTTE ranks, the level of
Tamil representation in all walks of Sri Lanka life was way more than the 10-12% Sri Lankan Tamils
represented of the islands population.
This is hardly the picture of Tamil discrimination they had by now
started orchestrating in the west and to the world
When the British left Sri Lanka
in 1948, attempts were made to redress the disadvantages of the Sinhalese especially
in education. This led to the inevitable loss of the privileged status of
Tamils and the over representation of Tamils in all walks of Sri Lankan life,
especially in the much sort after positions. This was seen as and deliberately
presented by some Tamils as discrimination to both fellow Tamils and the
western world, ready to believe any
claim of ‘’discrimination of a
minority” . This led to the call in 1976 by some Tamils the TULF n Vadukuddai
Northern SL, for a separate state
of Elam consisting of 2/3rds of the coast line and 1/3 of the land of Sri Lanka , for this now 12% minority. This
really reflected the privileged mind set, they still had.
They tried to draw support for this avaricious objective by claiming Elam
to represent the Traditional Homeland of Tamils” . This picture of A Collection of Buddhist Shrines Dating Back
To 3rd Century BC , still evident in the heart of Jaffna peninsula and
other Buddhist archeological monuments scattered
through out Sri lanka is witness to the
fact that all of Sri Lanka was homeland to it’s Buddhist Sinhalese civilisation
for 2500 years, as the Mahavamsa records. Tamis , Arabs & Malays were able
to settle in various parts of SL , due to the kind & welcoming disposition
inherent to Buddhism, acknowledged many times recently by no less a person than
Cardinal Malcolm Ranjith, head of the Roman catholic Church In SL
In 1983 this separatist Elam movement
became a brutal terrorist war against the rest of Sri Lanka, waged by the LTTE,
( Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam)., at one stage labelled the world’s most
brutal by the FBI US, no less. They drew support in finance and propaganda
for their bloody campaign from an Internationally based Tiger Diaspora, that
had by then become well established in the west , especially in the UK, Canada
and USA, cleverly exploiting their claim of
Minority Discrimination”, to hoodwink their unsuspecting host
countries. Their hosts were ready believe these claims , without any evidence
being supplied to support these claims, accepting it as the inevitable for a
minority in a third world country.
The making of Sinhala, the mother tongue of the 75% majority in 1956, as
the state language was one major complaint of the 12% Tamil minority. In most
countries, much lesser percentage of the majority community would have been
adequate to justify this. Not so for this minority used to 150 years of
colonial privileges. The provisions of the Reasonable use of Tamil act that
enshrined the right of every Tamil child to receive a free state education in
the Tamil medium upto end of tertiary education, no different from a Sinhalese
child, the right of every Tamil citizen to address the government for their
wants in Tamil and receive a response in the same language, the provision for
the courts in the Tamil majority districts to conduct their affairs in Tamil,
and the right for any Tamil to compete for entry into the public service
without any knowledge of Sinhalese provided they gained competence upto some
level a few years later, did not satisfy the avaricious appetite of this once privileged
group. Additionally this requirement to gain competence in Sinhalese , after
joining however was not a requirement in
professional fields like in medicine . Now Both Sinhalese & Tamil are state
languages on par with each other.
After three decades, the brutal terrorism
of the Tigers came to an end on 19th of May, 2009, when all
of the LTTE Terrorists were laid to rest on the banks of Nandikadal Lagoon in
Mullaitivu. This victory was thanks to
the transformation of what was once ceremonial security forces to a truly
professional service, conforming to the highest standards, as was widely
acknowledged .
However, the internationally based Tiger Diaspora, that supported
the Tigers with finance and
propaganda throughout, were left entirely unscathed as was their Billion dollar war chest
amassed through Distortion (misinformation to justify tiger terror so
enable collections in the west), Extortion , ( forcibly compelling
Tamils whom the diaspora helped to achieve refugee status in the west to
contribute large portions of their social service handouts and forcibly
taxing” by then well established Tamil
businesses in the west) and Drug & Human Trafficking (Tiger Diaspora groups
have been exposed of being guilty of this
many times). With this burgeoning war
chest no longer required for arms purchases, they had plenty of resources to
procure cash trapped TV stations like Channel 4
UK to produce infamous films like Sri Lanka Killing Fields”, to
discredit SL and their war achievements. A New York times critic described this
as a collection of video strips, un authored and unlocated held together by a partial commentary that
led the viewer to attribute all the ills shown, to be acts of the SL Security
forces. Much of these strips have since been shown to be Tamil Tigers, clad in
the uniforms of captured soldiers committing atrocities on these victims
This new phase of discrediting the war efforts after the annihilation of the Tiger fighters in SL
in May 2009, was clearly a well planned move that was executed within days of the fall of the Tigers in Sri
Lanka, by this well resourced , powerful
and devious Tiger Diaspora, to discredit
the Security Forces, by claiming that
their victory had been achieved at the expense of gross human rights violations
alleging an unacceptable loss of Tamil civilian lives of any thing between 40,000 -100,000 in the last few weeks of the war. They claimed
this to be the result of indiscriminate & even directed fire at fleeing
civilians. Though all the evidence was that nothing was further from the truth,
& that the civilian toll was of the order of 7000, , they persisted in orchestrating these Tiger
Diaspora allegations internationally
with Joseph Goebbelian zeal, as they had done with all their false propaganda
through the earlier three decades, till these were believed in the west .
The assessment of the UN representative based in Colombo at the end of
the war Sir John Holmes was that the Tamil civilian casualties were about 7000
at most. This number was confirmed a few
months later by a census carried out by the Tamil University Teachers, as the probable number
Tamil civilian casualties. Wiki leakes
leaked information also revealed
that defence attaches in both the UK and US embassies at that time had
confirmed these numbers in their dispatches to their various countries and had
also mentioned that but for the care taken by the SL security forces to
minimise Tamil civilian casualties, the war would have been over well before
and with less SL security forces casualties. Besides, it made no sense for the
SL forces to attack civilians and then a few weeks later for these same
civilians, nearly 300,000 of them to flee straight into the arms of the security
forces to escape from the Tigers who had held them as hostages to use as human
shields against the advancing SL forces. These were all confirmed by these
civilians once in the safe haven of the camps arranged by the SL forces. Even
more these civilians were resettled in their homes within a few months after
the war , once the SL forces had risked their lives to demine these areas ,
heavily mined by the retreating Tigers.
All of these were confirmed by documents tabled in the British House of
Lords in 2017 by Lord Naseby , who after a long battle accessed some of these
original dispatches from the UK H/Commission in Colombo. Additionally the
Paranagama Presidential Commission tasked with investigating allegations of missing
ersons, cleared SL forces of been
complicit of systematic or direct killing of civilians . Additionally these findings were endorsed by
a panel of several internationally well known panel of legal experts on war
crimes, headed by Sir Desmond de Silva QC from UK
The Tigers derived their story of
40,000 casulaties or more initially
from Gordon Weiss claiming from
unnamed sources who later retracted it under questioning . He was an UN employee based in Colombo in May 2009,
who was after boosting sales of his book. The major boost for the claim came
from the Darusman commission Report. This commission having only interviewed the Tigers and Not SL
sources, suggested this number as a credible allegation” but refused to reveal
the source of this information for thirty years. So much for it’s
credibility This commission was
appointed by the then UNSG to report to him on accountability provisions in SL,
without the authority of the UN or UNSC and against the specific wishes of two
of its members, Russia and China and hence not a UN report. However ,
this did not deter the Tiger Diaspora from orchestrating this as a UNreport to add muscle to
their allegation. This label UN
Report”has since stuck
It did not take long for them to go a notch higher making these evidence of Tamil Genocide , even more appealing
to the unsuspecting liberal western minds. This allegation of Tamil Genocide has been
craftily orchestrated since , even luring unsuspecting and misinformed western liberal parliamentarians to make this call, on
their behalf,. This we saw most recently in May’20 with the Mayor Columbine from Canada and NSW state
parliamentarian Mr Hugh McDermott from
Australia, to coincide with the 11th anniversary of the fall of the
Tigers.
If this is to be countered the first requirement would be making this information on the truths behind
the Tamil Genocide Claim , widely known in the west, especially, Canada, UK and US , amongst it’s
media and politicians , state and
federal. These would then need to be orchestrated repeatedly, at
every opportunity and creating opportunities, just like the Tiger Diaspora has
done with misinformation.. These message would need to be repeated using modern
media of email and others . Messages should
be short where the bold titles conveys
the main message, and repeated frequently. Eye balling the title is what most
would do and that should convey the main message The aim would be to achieve a default position in the minds of these
recipients and institutions that Tamil Genocide has no factual basis”
and that it was post independence loss of privileges enjoyed under British colonial rule, was what was presented
as discrimination”.
The next requirement is to highlight the motivation among
a large section of the Diaspora, to continue to paint a negative
picture of Sri Lanka and a risk to
their safety in SL if they were sent back to SL, even if there is none , as
their continuing to enjoy western privileges
as refugees , depends on this.
On the other hand these should be coupled with information on life of
Tamils in Sri Lanka now , showing the freedoms and opportunities they enjoy
back in SL. A truly tri lingual Sri. Lanka would help the cause immensely. The
Covid crisis has exposed the potential for TV & E teaching & learning and could be utilised to achieve this and so
win – win for all.
The third requirement should be to focus spot light on
The Tiger Diaspora, the funders of terror in Sri Lanka for over thirty years that saw the loss of
over 300,000 lives , , now sitting snug in the comfort of their western
homes. The call should be for a commission of inquiry, initially perhaps a
Presidential Inquiry in Sri Lanka with a view to ultimately having them brought
before courts, even international courts. This should provide something to keep
them occupied, and away from orchestrating unsubstantiated calls of Tamil
Genocide. There should also be an investigation to see if legal avenues could
be used to curb the ongoing baseless allegations of Genocide, as a violation of
the basic human rights of the accused , not to be subjected such ongoing
baseless accusations
This three pronged approach should be coordinated and driven from Sri
Lanka, utilising expatriates on the ground for advice , ideas and to execution . The expatriates should use
their clout with the vote to get the message across to their rulers , as
the Tiger Diaspora has done so effectively.
Almost certainly, these should be driven by a dedicated devision in the Foreign Ministry in the
Government in SL , prepared for the long hall of a few decades. That was
how long the battle with the sword took
to win and this battle with the pen would be more devious and could be even
more prolonged . It is certainly more challenging than the battles on the field
,& against a very wily opponent.
There should be a realisation in Colombo that, left unchecked or
countered half-heartedly, the Tiger Diaspora has the capacity to undermine the
SL administration’s best developmental
efforts, for a long time to come, using mislead western governments, and UN
agencies, to aid them in this ,as we have seen since 2009.
However, these efforts,
should not detract from ongoing efforts
at Integration rather than segregation as the answer to SL’
ethnic issues. Being truly trilingual and encouraging a fusion culture,
perhaps fusion dances of the two cultures Barata Natyam and Kandyan Dancing , as we have in NZ who always sing the National
anthem in two languages English &
Maori are some thoughts.
Dr.
Jay Gunawardana, a Sri lankan-born blood cancer researcher at the University of
Queensland (Translational Research Institute in Brisbane, Australia) has
received the prestigious American Society of Haematology Global Research Award.
This
highly sought-after award is the result of a global search for competitive
research proposals. It will enable Dr. Gunawardana to investigate the tumour
microenvironment of the rare and largely neglected Nodular Lymphocyte
Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma subtype. His aim is to harness the power of
patients’ own immune systems using combinatorial inhibitory drugs to remove ‘brakes’
that cause patient T-cells to become non-reactive towards cancers.
It is critical to match the biology of a patient’s tumour to a treatment that is both effective and will cause fewer side effects. This major step forward in our knowledge will be translated into new tools for matching a patient’s lymphoma to the correct treatment and improving patient outcomes. This research project is part of a broader effort to develop cell-based immunotherapy in conjunction with immune checkpoint blockade, a highly innovative endeavour previously not attempted in treating lymphoma” Dr. Gunawardana said.
Dr.
Gunawardana will be working alongside Prof. Maher Gandhi, Director of Mater Research
and Prof. Catherine Bollard, Director of the Program for Cell Enhancement and
Technologies for Immunotherapy, The George Washington University School of
Medicine. The team will also have access to the largest clinically curated
lymphoma repository in Australia via The Australasian Leukaemia & Lymphoma
Group and the largest collection of umbilical cord blood in Australia via the
Mater Queensland Cord Blood Bank.
Dr.
Gunawardana is an alumnus of Royal College (Sri Lanka), Temple University
(USA), The University of Rhode Island (USA) and The University of British
Columbia (Canada).
In a
series of speeches made at the State Council, especially during 1933-34,
Wimalasurendra identified the broad alliance that worked against the
Hydroelectric Scheme. He used different names at times to identify this
alliance: ‘Big Business’, ‘Oil and Coal Combine’, ‘Almighty Oil Interests’,
‘Big Business and Alien Combines’, ‘Imperialistic Element’, ‘Big Business
Element’, ‘Big Business Party.’ – B.D. Witharana
• Wimalasurendra came upon the massive waterfall, which he
brilliantly named, Laxapana – 100,000 Lamps – and engineered
its hydroelectric scheme, but the English erased his name, claimed it as their
invention, and screwed it up!
ee highly recommends
this week’s story about DJ Wimalasurendra, the founder of hydroelectricity in
Sri Lanka”. His absolutely fascinating contribution to early industrialization
– thwarted and delayed to prevent us creating our own energy sources – appears
almost erased. The metanarrative of imperialist suppression and white
supremacism continues to this day, to prevent transformation of this colonial
import-export plantation farce! (see ee Focus)
The Censored Story of D. J. Wimalasurendra: Imagining the
Industrial Nation of Ceylon
B.D. Witharana (Part 1)
Excerpts from Negotiating Power &
Constructing the Nation: Engineering in Sri Lanka:
The
streets of Colombo were provided with a few gas lamps in 1872 by the Colombo
Gas & Water Co. Electricity was generated using diesel and was first
introduced symbolically to the island in 1882 by illuminating the Billiard Room
of the Bristol Hotel in the capital Colombo. It was provided on a commercial
basis by Boustead Brothers Ltd since 1895 (Phillips 1981). Electricity was
generated on a limited scale by generators of 5-122 horsepower scale for the
use of plantations even by 1885…
Aberdeen-Laxapana Hydroelectric Scheme (1900-36) – My main
interest is to revisit the idea about the non-emergence of a discourse on
developmental nationalism in Sri Lanka, as witnessed in neighbouring
India. Why did the demand for an industrially developed independent Ceylon made
by Ceylonese leaders such as Marcus Fernando, Anagarika Dharmapala and
Cumaratunga Munidasa not evolve into a mature ‘plan’ leading
ultimately to the establishment of a Sri Lankan developmental nation? Or
was there, in fact, such a ‘plan’ which escaped the gaze of historians for some
reason? Exploring Land, Labor, Capital &
Sectional Interests in the National Politics of SL, in the first
part of the 20th century, a study on peasantry and agriculture, V
Samaraweera (1981) observes… Ceylonese nationalists began to look towards a
realistic program of industrialization for the country” only by the 1940s.
By selecting the first mass-scale
hydroelectricity generation scheme, the Aberdeen-Laxapana Scheme as my
‘worksite’, I discuss… how a widespread campaign for a Ceylonese developmental
state was, in fact, present. The discourse anchored in the Aberdeen-Laxapana
Scheme proposed an alternative future for the island against the romantic
peasant agriculture based vision that succeeded…
The hydroelectric scheme that was under
discussion for decades during British colonial rule. and began operations in
the mid-20th century, was the terrain for a range of important colonial
– anti-colonial – and nationalistic ideas and counter-ideas that have
largely gone unrecorded in the discourse of Sri Lankan nationalism so far. The
biography of DJ Wimalasurendra, the key Ceylonese behind the scheme, opens an
avenue for one to visit this hidden past and to observe that a realistic
program of industrialization was present long before the 1940s.
Both Marcus
Fernando and Cumaratunga Munidasa were influenced by the ideas
forwarded by Wimalasurendra. The initial ideas of industrialization presented
on a ground of Sinhala nationalism, eg by Dharmapala, seem to have
transformed into a clear narrative of developmental nationalism by 1920-30s,
thanks to the contributions made by Wimalasurendra.
Anagarika Dharmapala, who had a
more radical approach in comparison to most of the political and social
elite, loyal to British at the time, was the leading figure who mixed social
morality with Buddhist agitation and was hence instrumental in politicizing the
movement. Dharmapala contrasted Buddhist values with the moral failings of
missionaries, e.g. meat and alcohol consumption and lack of a norm against
killing animals…
DJ Wimalasurendra (1874-1953)
dedicated his entire life, from the days of his early career as a District
Engineer of the Public Works Dept to his later life as a politician in the
first State Council of Ceylon, to seeing the Scheme pushed through, amidst
numerous obstacles. In the early 20th century
he investigated in detail the possibility of developing the hydro potential of
the island, made important contributions to design… The paper he presented in
1918 at the Engineering Association of Ceylon, Economics of Power Utilization
in Ceylon” which linked hydropower with the development infrastructure for
industrialization, can be considered as the first draft of a vision for a
developmental nation, that evolved further during the following decades.
Wimalasurendra who, out of frustration, took early retirement from the
Dept of Electrical Undertakings in 1930, tried his best to campaign for the
recommencement of construction of the Scheme, as a member of the first State
Council 1931-36. Speeches made by Wimalasurendra at the State Council are a
testimony to the advanced imagination of a Ceylonese developmental
nation underpinned by the industrial potential provided by the
Hydroelectric Scheme.
One
can argue that this delay of almost half a century in implementing the Laxapana
Scheme, which under normal circumstances would have taken just 4 years, could
have prevented a possible early industrialization of Ceylon.
Wimalasurendra was born in 1874
as a member of the Navandanna, the caste that historically specialized in
‘engineering’, according to the division of labour defined in the local caste
system… His father, Don Juan Wimalasurendra, earned recognition for his
master-craftsmanship and was awarded the title ‘Mudaliyar’ by the colonial
government. His family tradition can be seen as the original influence on
Wimalasurendra’s practical skills. After completing his secondary education at
the prominent Sinhala Buddhist school, Ananda College, Wimalasurendra received
his initial education in engineering at the Ceylon Technical College. [He
became] a Chartered Civil Engineer and Chartered Electrical Engineer, a
rare achievement even by today’s standards. In 1924 he was appointed Head
of the Electrical Engineering Section of the Public Works Department.
A detailed discussion of the evolution
of the Hydroelectric Scheme is required to appreciate the nuances of the
imagination of a technologically advanced Ceylon – an imagination in which
Wimalasurendra takes centre stage…
A closer look at these sources spread over the span of half a
century leads one to identify 2 rather incompatible narratives
that highlight the important tensions that defined the final shape of
developmental nationalism in the first half of the 20th century.
The clarity of the ‘facts’ that are relatively clear in retrospect, may not
have been so apparent in the heat of the controversies that surrounded this
developmental imagination at the time…
Almost all the officials who held
high office during the first half of the 20thC were
British. Some of the post-independence sources… reflect some features of this
first narrative as a result of their dependence on the colonial sources from
the first half of the century. The 2nd narrative that contests the 1st
colonial-narrative draws mainly from local sources and is interwoven closely
with the life story of engineer DJ Wimalasurendra. Information can also be found
to strengthen this second narrative in official colonial sources. However, when
they are from colonial sources they do not appear in the main text but in
the annexes produced by locals. There are also some colonial texts produced by
Englishmen that can be used to strengthen the second narrative when they were
written especially for the readership of locals (e.g. motions presented for
approval of the Legislative Council, dominated by Ceylonese members).
The important feature that differentiates the 2 narratives from
each other is the place reserved for Wimalasurendra. While narratives that
use colonial sources underplay the role of Wimalasurendra, the 2nd narrative
highlights it. 1910 is given as the date of the origin of the Hydroelectric
Scheme in the first narrative: …Nov 1910, that FB Rylands, the Government
Electrical Engineer attached to the PWD, reported, sufficient hydropower was
available near Laxapana for the total electricity requirement of the
government. The 2nd narrative, however, marking an extended history takes the
origin of the Hydroelectric Scheme further back to the year 1901, and hence
transfers the credit from Rylands to Wimalasurendra and the time when the idea
of generating electricity from the Laxapana falls was conceived by Wimalasurendra.
While involved in a government
assignment to search for minerals and particularly gold, Wimalasurendra, as an
acting District Engineer, is said to have found the new ‘mine of gold’ in 1901
when he saw by chance the falls of Laxapana and realized their potential to
generate electricity. It was this thought from 1901 that had led to his
investigation of the hydroelectric potential of the island, which he published
as a technical paper in 1918. Interestingly some of these important
years do not appear as milestones in the colonial narrative on the
Scheme…
After being appointed on 22 Aug 1904 as
an Acting District Engineer and posted to Diyatalawa, a small town in the
central hills, Wimalasurendra was assigned with 2 tasks: to build camps to
house the South African Boer prisoners of war, and to search for prospects for
minerals in the island. A Boer prisoner Ian Van Geyzel, who was an
engineer himself, was selected by the government to accompany him on
excursions in search of minerals. Wimalasurendra gives credit to his companion,
who had the opportunity of traveling worldwide and experiencing hydroelectric
power generation, for suggesting the possibility of tapping Laxapana for
electricity generation.
The waterfall which was known till then
as Kiriwan Eliya Falls was renamed by Wimalasurendra as Laxapana to
mean 100,000 light bulbs”. Arumugam finds this new name as a proof of
Wimalasurendra’s engineering genius. Based on the overall water-head (520m) and
the installed capacity (100MW) of the present scheme, Arumugam calculates
backwards to estimate the possible installed capacity of the water-head (129m)
Wimalasurendra must have observed in 1901/4. The figure 11.6MWs Arumugam
derives as the installed capacity is, in fact, equivalent to illumination of
116,000 of 100W light bulbs…
Another interesting contrast between
the 2 narratives becomes apparent when the reasons for the delay in
construction are discussed. The first narrative avoids discussion by just
attributing it to ‘various reasons’ without further explanation, or just refers
to the ‘unsatisfactory position’ with regard to the status of the Scheme. The
2nd narrative, however, adds clarity to the ‘mystery’. While some describe the
delay within a framework of a personal conflict between Rylands and
Wimalasurendra or between the white colonial government and
Wimalasurendra, others point to a larger picture of institutionalized
racism at work in the government service at that time. Wimalasurendra
took it even further to position the delay in a discourse on the business
and economic interests of the British imperialist project…”
Early lockdown, fast tracking of Covid-19 suspects and financial intervention in key areas, are the most significant highlights of their success story.
As the subcontinent struggles to flatten the coronavirus curve, with India alone recording 2.7 million cases and taking the third spot in the world, Sri Lanka offers a glimmer of hope in curbing the daily infection rate.
So far the country has recorded 2,893 cases among its population of 21.67 million people.
How did the Sri Lankan government manage to keep the deadly virus at bay?
Early lockdown, a high testing rate and effective social distancing measures have proved to be key for Sri Lanka in their fight against the pandemic and keeping the infection rate low.
From March to the end of April, the country had conducted 930 tests per 1 million people, while its South Asian neighbours had a very low testing rate: Bangladesh (393), India (602) and Pakistan (703).
“More than 50 percent of the COVID-19 cases in Sri Lanka are of people between the ages of 20-60. These are relatively younger people who are less vulnerable to a severe presentation of the disease. A reason why most of the cases are mild may be that the lockdown in Sri Lanka started very early,” said Razia Pendse, a WHO representative to Sri Lanka.
Another major source of support came in the form of The Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL) – it came up with policies for monetary easing from the start of 2020. CBSL suspended loan payments and launched a concessional refinancing programme of $27 million (Rs. 50 billion), which is 0.33 percent of the country’s GDP, for activities affected by the pandemic.
Robust healthcare
The Sri Lankan government, led by Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa, also committed 0.1 percent of GDP for quarantine and containment measures, and an additional $5 million to the SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund. A Petroleum Stabilization Fund (PSF) was built to utilise the lower international prices of oil. A separate presidential contributory fund was also raised, which is worth $7.4 million to date.
Apart from all these measures, the government laid a strong emphasis on the surveillance system to keep COVID-19 mortality at bay.
In light of a remarkable response to the pandemic, health experts from around the world have lauded Sri Lanka’s healthcare system, which has already been made a case study for other countries since the 1980s.
For instance, the Rockefeller Foundation’s report published in 1985, described Sri Lanka as a country that has created an affordable healthcare system. In most districts of the country, primary healthcare facilities are within 3 kilometres for each neighbourhood.
The ease of accessing health facilities, coupled with low cost services, has helped the country improve its public health.
Sri Lanka’s robust healthcare infrastructure was one of the main reasons the government was able to act swiftly to respond to the first calls of Covid-19 infections.
The government mobilised healthcare workers to closely monitor the pandemic’s movement right after the first case was reported in the country, and they ensured that most Covid-19 suspects are traced in potential hotspots.
“The first case came out in Sri Lanka in the last week of January, after which there were no cases till about mid-March. During that gap, the government ensured that the public health surveillance was activated to find any cases with respiratory illnesses. Once the cases were identified, we conducted the needed diagnostics so that we were able to rule out any suspected COVID-19 cases,” the WHO’s Pendse told German news organisation, DW. Source: TRT World
A sea change came about when the Rajapaksa regime recognized that the war against the Sea Tigers cannot be won if command over the sea is not established and the navy is not given its due and made pro-active, innovative and daring, says Adm (Rtd) Dr.Jayanath Colombage
Sri Lanka navy’s Cedric class assault boats
In his book Asymmetric Warfare at Sea: The Case of Sri Lanka” Adm. Dr.Jayanath Colombage, former Commander of the Sri Lankan navy, who is now the country’s Foreign Secretary, tells the fascinating story of the transformation of the Sri Lankan Navy (SLN) from a small, poorly funded and non-innovative conventional fighting force to a spirited, innovative and well-armed force which, in just three years, broke the back of the intrepid and deadly Sea Tigers, the naval wing of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).
Adm.Dr.Jayanath Colombage
Adm.Colombage’s narrative begins with a candid account of the state of the SLN vis-à-vis the Sea Tigers during most the 30-year separatist war. The SLN was the underdog, suffering humiliations at the hands of the Sea Tigers, till the 2006-2009 Eelam War IV during which it emerged as the top dog to decimate the Sea Tigers.
While accounting for past failures, Adm.Colombage says that successive Lankan governments (barring the Mahinda Rajapaksa regime which came into being in 2005) saw the war against the Tamil militants as a land war to be fought principally by the army. Although the adversary was using the sea to bring in supplies, initially using the Palk Strait and eventually the wide ocean, Lankan governments did not see the need to strengthen the navy. It was relegated to the margins and expected to little more than defend itself when attacked, not to go hunting for the adversary. The navy was not given the manpower and equipment go on the offensive. It was also trained to fight conventional battles, not maritime terrorist groups whose tactics were unconventional, cunning, ever-changing and gutsy. Due to the differences in strategy and tactics, the Sea Tigers managed to destroy 28 SLN vessels in encounters.
Sea Tiger human torpedo
In contrast to the Lankan State, the LTTE was a sea-oriented group from the very beginning. Its leader, Prabhakaran, and his initial band of followers, were sea farers from the fishing community of Valvettithurai. In contrast to Lankan strategists, Prabhakaran firmly believed that to fight the Lankan forces on land, he has to have command over the sea.
Therefore, the LTTE designed and appropriately armed small boats of four different kinds. Its suicide boats used stealth technology and were high speed and armored. The Sea Tigers used RADAR to ensure accurate firing. Besides, the LTTE acquired ocean-going vessels which cleverly combined legitimate business and arms smuggling, and acted as floating warehouses” on the high seas. The Sea Tigers had devised techniques to camouflage its gun-running vessels. To land its lethal cargo on the Lankan coastline, it used small boats disguised as fishing trawlers. Not short of ammo, thanks to its floating warehouses, the LTTE was able to rain artillery shells and mortar bombs to unnerve the Lankan army on the battlefront.
LTTE submarine, june 15,2009
Not surprisingly, SLN’s lumbering vessels, including Fast Attack Craft (FAC), were overwhelmed by the Sea Tigers’ small, fast boats, attacking in swarms. The Sea Tigers also deployed suicide boats which conventional navies do not. It staged underwater attacks using modern equipment. The Sea Tigers not only attacked Lankan harbors but in 1997, even hijacked a vessel carrying 32,000 mortar bombs ordered by the SLN from Zimbabwe. That event showed the depth of the LTTE’s penetration into the Lankan defense Establishment. In contrast, Lankan intelligence gathering lacked penetration, was piecemeal and its use was uncoordinated, Adm.Colombage says. The air force did not undertake sea surveillance which could have helped the navy locate the floating warehouses long before September 2007 when they were located with US help.
OPV Samudra
Sea Change
But come Mahinda Rajapaksa as President and his brother Lt.Col (Rtd) Gotabaya Rajapaksa as Defense Secretary in 2005, a sea change occurred. The Rajapaksas decided that there would be no more talks (or a ceasefire) with the LTTE and that the war would be fought to the finish regardless of pressure from global powers and the peace and rights lobbies.
The navy had to go for the kill. The navy Commander was ordered to be unsparing with his subordinates, even as he encouraged brainstorming to get the best ideas from his staff. The Commander personally selected officers for key positions on merit and not seniority alone.
The strength of the navy was increased from 36,000 to 54,000 and the budgetary allocation went up by more than 60% by 2007. The required equipment was ordered. Where imports of were costly, naval engineers devised alternatives. Old equipment were reconditioned to the optimal level.
sri lanka navy fast boat
Tactics underwent a sea change with the SLN imitating the Sea Tigers and using small boats to penetrate the latter’s hideouts and confront them in swarms. Small boat production increased exponentially. The LTTE had to fight similar boats, similarly equipped and similarly-led but in much greater numbers. Guns on board Lankan vessels were enhanced through indigenous innovations.
The resources of the SLN were not only put to use, but enhanced. The Small Boat Squadron (SBS) was reactivated. The decision to acquire Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPV) – two from India and one from the US Coast Guard – and Fast Missile Vessels (FMV) from Israel, added to the reach, speed and punch of SLN vessels.
Following 9/11, the SLN used the Global War on Terror to get the US on board. The US said that it would help SLN locate the LTTE’s floating warehouses provided the SLN assured that it would not attack civilian vessels. The assurance was given. But the location of the OPVs was not easy as the LTTE had got wind of the SLN’s plan. It had stopped using satellite communication and kept off shipping lanes.
However, in September 2007, the US detected a target. But again, the SLN had an issue – the endurance of its OPVs so far from their base. SLN engineers solved such problems. The OPVs were then stationed in the calm waters of the equator to minimize wear and tear. Patrolling ships came to the equator to refuel and refit.
Sri Lanka navy’s Special Forces
The Small Boat Squadron (SBS) also participated in the destruction of the Floating Warehouses with their Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC) firing Rocket Propelled Grenades (RPGs). The LTTE weaponry which went to the bottom of the sea included 152mm,130 mm,122 mm artillery shells and120 mm mortar rounds. MV. Koshia itself lost 29,000 artillery shells.
Meanwhile ,in Sri Lanka, the electronic surveillance network was enhanced to enable the Navy Commander and field commanders to get a real time picture. At the Defense Ministry level, the older system of various intelligence units working independently and in an uncoordinated way, was replaced by regular interactions in which information was shared and actionable intelligence distilled and communicated to the right units. All equipment required was acquired even though the West and India refused to sell or gift weapons on political or human rights grounds.
Corruption in military procurement was a major issue in the Lankan armed forces during most of the 30-year war. But an end was put to it by the formation of the Lanka Logistics Technologies Ltd.,(LLTL) involving service Commanders and Chief of Defense Staff. The LLTL helped standardization of equipment ordered. Procurement was made a confidential process.
All these measures helped reverse the earlier situation in which the Navy was lagging behind. When the SLN was using 20 mm guns, the Sea Tigers were using 23mm. The FACs were therefore modified to carry a 30 mm gun and a 107 mm rocket launcher. 25 and 50 KW RADARs were installed. The Fast Gun Boats were equipped with modified Multi-Barrel Rocket Launchers (MBRLs) to enhance their destructive capability.
A drawback which dogged the SLN was a lack of understanding between the army and navy commanders. But the ground commanders remained in close contact with each other and worked together enabling mutual support,” Adm.Colombage recalls. Be that as it may, the net result was the total destruction of the Sea Tigers and the elimination of its leaders.
The margin of the SLPP (Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna) victory, at the Aug 5, 2020 general election, stunned the ruling coalition. The best possible result the SLPP expected was around 130 seats, including National List slots. SLPP Chairman and its top National List nominee, Prof. G.L. Peiris, about aproximately 30 minutes after polling commenced, countrywide, told the writer they expected around 130 seats.
About two weeks earlier, the leader of the Pivithuru Hela Urumaya (PHU) and Attorney-at-law Udaya Gammanpila, too, privately acknowledged they could secure around 130 seats.
Experienced campaigner and turncoat, S.B. Dissanayake, also of the SLPP, placed the number of seats, anticipated, a little less than 130 seats. But, they all predicted a very comfortable victory for the SLPP, though two-thirds seemed quite unrealistic.
The Aug 5 result proved a two-thirds majority was achievable, under the Proportional Representation (PR) system, though so-called experts thought otherwise. However, the margin of victory surprised even the three-and-half-year old SLPP, as well as the tattered UNP, established over 70 years ago.
For the first time, in our political history, a party (that ruled the country on several occasions) ended up without a single elected lawmaker. The UNP managed to secure one National List seat. The JVP did much better than the UNP by securing three seats, including one National List slot, but it was a comedown when compared to its previous performance at the August 2015 general election.
General Secretary of the UNP, Akila Viraj Kariyawasam, on Friday (7), blamed their worst defeat ever on their ‘own actions’ and those of others. The latter was definitely a reference to former UNP Deputy Leader Sajith Premadasa causing a split.
It would be pertinent to examine what Kariyawasam meant by ‘own actions’ in his pathetic attempt to explain the debilitating setback the once proud party suffered. The EC decision not to count preference votes, received by candidates of political parties that didn’t receive seats, saved them from further humiliation. If not, the paltry number of votes received by Ranil Wickremesinghe, Assistant Leader Ravi Karunanayake, National Organizer Navin Dissanayake, as well as financier Daya Gamage, would have become public, adding to the humiliating defeat.
The emergence of the SLPP, at the expense of the SLFP (Sri Lanka Freedom Party), should be studied, taking into consideration the deliberate wrongdoings, blunders, lapses, treachery and utterly irrational policies followed by the yahapalana administration, consisting of the UNP and a section of the SLFP-led UPFA.
Before we discuss why the voting public handed over such a massive mandate to the SLPP, it would be pertinent to mention that those who served the ruinous yahapalana coalition ended-up in four groups. The largest group formed (1) the Samagi Jana Balavegaya (SJB), (2) remained in permanently damaged UNP, (3) what was left of the SLFP and (4) those who returned to the Rajapaksa Camp, having served Maithripala Sirisena for some time.
Having publicly alleged that he would have ended up six feet under if Mahinda Rajapaksa had won the 2015 January presidential election, Maithripala Sirisena, too, returned to the Rajapaksa Camp to avoid being politically eliminated. If Sirisena’s SLFP contested the recently concluded general election, on its own, it, too, could have suffered the same fate that befell the UNP. The SLFP obviously avoided the disgraceful defeat by contesting under the flower bud symbol.
The SLFP, on its own, winning a seat in the Jaffna peninsula, is an exception. The SLFP contested the electoral districts of Jaffna and Kalutara. Final result of the Kalutara district reflected the ground situation, in 18 districts, where the SLPP recorded landslide victories. The SLFP polled 10,979 votes (1.57%), in the Kalutara district, and was placed 5th, whereas the SLPP obtained a staggering 448,699 votes (64.88%). The SLFP survived a political massacre by accepting the SLPP’s terms. The SLPP, quite rightly, dismissed the SLFP’s efforts to contest both the presidential and parliamentary polls, under a common symbol. Polonnaruwa district candidate Sirisena, in spite of being verbally abused and humiliated by fellow district SLPP candidate Roshan Ranasinghe, as well as Gampaha District SLPP leader Prasanna Ranatunga, polled the highest number of preferential votes from the Polonnaruwa District. Sirisena polled 111,137 preference votes, whereas Roshan Ranasinghe obtained 90,615. The SLFP, due to consensus with brazen SLPP, even at biased terms, has managed to save face.
‘Own actions’
The UNP suffered an irreparable setback, at the third parliamentary poll, since the conclusion of the war, in May 2009. The UNP’s loss, at the 2010 general election, was understandable. The then SLFP-led UPFA obtained 144 seats, including 17 National List slots, whereas the UNP secured 60. The UPFA taking the parliamentary election was a foregone conclusion in the wake of Mahinda Rajapaksa defeating General Sarath Fonseka at the 2010 January presidential election. But, the UNP obtained a respectable 60-member group and, five years later, used it to spearhead a high profile project to bring down Mahinda Rajapaksa.
But, the UNP, at the general election just concluded, has been reduced to just 1 National List MP. The UNP General Secretary should explain what he really meant by ‘own actions’ contributing to its downfall. Let me examine what these ‘own actions’ were as the SLPP triumph transformed the political landscape.
The SLPP can easily secure two-thirds with the backing of the SLFP (one elected from Jaffna) and three other Tamil and Muslim parties. Perhaps, it would be much better to amend the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, in consultation with the SJB (54 MPs), TNA (10), Jathika Jana Balavegaya (JJB/3) and the UNP (1) than exploiting the overwhelming majority to its advantage.
Sri Lanka is in such a political-economic mess, the SLPP should act responsibly. The formidable political power shouldn’t pursue abusive policies against the backdrop of annihilation of the Opposition. It would be a grave mistake on its part to tinker with the Constitution for its benefit. Perhaps, a consensus can be reached soon, on an amendment, to allow the President to hold the Defence portfolio.
Treasury bond scams
Having ousted Mahinda Rajapaksa, at the 2015 January presidential poll, a cocky UNP leadership brought in Singaporean Arjuna Mahendran as the Governor of the Central Bank, in January 2015. Wickremesinghe simply ignored Sirisena’s concerns as regards the appointment. Under heavy pressure, Sirisena handed over Mahendran’s letter of appointment. The Singaporean moved into the Governor’s Office, on January 26, 2016. The then Finance Minister Ravi Karunanayake made the recommendation in this regard. The first Treasury bond scam was perpetrated just four weeks later.
Kariyawasam’s reference to ‘own actions’ without doubt include the 2015 Treasury bond scam and the second perpetrated 13 months later, after the 2015 general election. The government was so cocky, it not only once but twice perpetrated massive Treasury bond scams at the expense of the national economy. In spite of the then yahapalana partner, the SLFP, making a big noise about Treasury bond scams, Sirisena’s party solidly stood by the UNP. Sirisena went to the extent of dissolving parliament, on the night of June 26, 2015, to prevent the Committee on Public Enterprises (COPE) presenting its report on the first Treasury bond scam to parliament. Sirisena exposed himself by delaying the appointment of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry (P CoI) to probe the Treasury bond scams, till January 2017; over seven months after Dr. Indrajith Coomaraswamy succeeded the Singaporean.
The top UNP leadership caused the party downfall by its ‘own actions.’ The SLFP, too, contributed to the rapid deterioration of the yahapalana government by playing ball with the UNP. Having allowed the UNP to ruin the yahapalana arrangement, Sirisena resorted to a constitutional coup, in late Oct 2018, to take back control of the government. Sirisena failed miserably.
The new government now faced a huge challenge in bringing the Treasury bond scams case to a successful conclusion. Ranil Wickremesinghe and Ravi Karunanayake embroiled in Treasury bond cases are no longer lawmakers. Wickremesinghe and Karunanayake, having first entered parliament in 1977 and 1994 (National List), respectively, served as members of parliament successively until last week. Wickremesinghe and Karunanayake now face the bleak prospect of facing a long drawn out case.
Geneva betrayal
Between the February 2015 and March 2016 Treasury bond scams, the UNP betrayed the country, at the Geneva-based United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). Sirisena did absolutely nothing but to publicly criticize the Geneva betrayal. The President, in spite of being the Commander-in-Chief and the Defence Minister, answerable to the people, stayed with the UNP decision. In a bid to deceive the public, the yahapalana lot replaced the then Foreign Minister, Mangala Samaraweera, who directed the then Sri Lanka’s Permanent Representative in Geneva Ambassador, Ravinatha Aryasinha, to co-sponsor the controversial resolution, with Ravi Karunanayake, in May 2017. In spite of on and off public criticism, Sirisena, and those SLFPers who received ministerial portfolios, remained with the UNP. Karunanayake, embroiled in the Treasury bond scam controversy, continued with Samaraweera’s Geneva project. When Karunanayake was compelled to resign in the second week of August 2017, over shocking revelations before the Presidential Commission of Inquiry, Wickremesinghe brought back Tilak Marapana to the cabinet. One-time Attorney General Marapana, PC, took over the Foreign Ministry. Marapana, too, faithfully continued with the Geneva project. The Geneva betrayal was part of the UNP’s agreement with the Tamil National Alliance (TNA) and the US. Sumanthiran revealed the existence of a treacherous agreement, in June 2016, when he addressed a gathering in the US. Sumanthiran declared that he negotiated with the US and Sirisena’s government, on the Geneva resolution, and the inclusion of foreign judges in war crimes courts.
Lord Naseby, in Oct 2017, gave Sri Lanka a golden opportunity to counter war crimes allegations. Based on secret dispatches from the UK High Commission, in Colombo, in 2009 (January to May), Lord Naseby successfully countered the primary allegation, regarding the massacre of 40,000 Tamil civilians on the Vanni east front. The UNP turned a blind eye to Lord Naseby’s revelations. Yahapalana partner, the SLFP, too, followed the same policy. When the writer inquired about how the government intended to use Lord Naseby’s revelations for Sri Lanka’s defence, at the post-cabinet media briefing, co-cabinet spokesman Dayasiri Jayasekera reacted angrily, though he quickly calmed down. An irate Jayasekera accused the writer of raising unnecessary issues with a view to causing problems. Jayasekera revealed that up to the time the question was posed to him, the cabinet hadn’t at least discussed the matter. Field Marshal Sarath Fonseka, as well as the SLFP spokesman Mahinda Sanarasinghe, at separate media briefings, in response to questions posed by the writer, admitted that the cabinet didn’t discuss the Geneva matter.
The Foreign Ministry’s thinking reflected the despicable UNP policy towards the armed forces. The initial Foreign Ministry response, to Lord Naseby’s Oct 2017 bid to save Sri Lanka, revealed its role in a high profile anti-Sri Lanka project. The Foreign Ministry issued a statement in response to a query posed by the writer to the then spokesperson. However, the Foreign Ministry cannot be faulted for following the instructions given by the Prime Minister, and the Foreign Minister, at that time.
The SLFP cannot absolve itself of the responsibility for the Geneva betrayal. Today, those SLFPers, who had fully cooperated with the UNP (2015 August –Oct 2018), are in parliament, on the SLPP ticket. They survived by contesting the Aug 5 parliamentary election on the SLPP ticket. If not, the SLFP, too, would have ended up with perhaps one National List MP, like its partner in ‘crime’ the UNP.
In the wake of the Geneva betrayal, several countries imposed travel restrictions on senior military commanders. Field Marshal Fonseka, Maj. Gen. Chagie Gallage and Army Chief Shavendra Silva are among those who were slapped with travel bans.
Now, it would be the responsibility of President Gotabaya Rajapaksa’s government to set the record straight. The UNP and the Illankai Thamil Arasu Kadchi-led TNA, responsible for the Geneva betrayal, suffered serious setbacks at the general election. Having campaigned for 20 seats, the one-time LTTE mouth piece was reduced to 10 seats, including one National List slot. In the last parliament, the TNA had 16 lawmakers, including two National List slots. Obviously, the Tamil electorate snubbed the TNA by causing the ITAK leader Mavai Senathirajah’s defeat. The TNA, too, plunged into crisis with a section of the former LTTE proxy demanding that Senathirajah be appointed to parliament through the National List whereas the TNA, at the behest of Sampanthan, named Chairman of Ampara Navindaveli Pradeshiya Sabha Thawarasa Kalaiarasan as their National List member.
Prez-PM failure in 2019
The Treasury bond scams (February 2015 and March 2016) and the Geneva treachery (Oct 2015) was followed by the indefensible failure to thwart the April 2019 Easter Sunday carnage. In this case, too, both the UNP and Sirisena failed the country very badly. The revelations, made before the Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC), in 2019, and the on-going Presidential Commission of Inquiry (P CoI), proved beyond doubt the culpability of both Sirisena and Wickremesinghe for the Easter Sunday carnage. In spite of knowing the imminent threat, posed by Thowheed Jamaat, Sirsena went on a pilgrimage to neighbouring India. Sirisena, wife, Jayanthi Pushpa Kumari, and other members of their family, offered prayers at the hill shrine of Lord Venkateswara. Sirisena took part in the ‘Suprabhatha’ ritual and offered prayers to the presiding deity of Lord Venkateswara. From there, the Sirisenas flew to Singapore. They were on holiday when Thowheed Jamaat carried out the near simultaneous attacks. Sirisena got caught lying to the PSC regarding the delay on his part in returning to Colombo in the aftermath of the attack. The PSC, in its report released to the public in Oct 2019, revealed how Sirisena shunned two earlier Sri Lankan flights to return in the early hours of the following day on a Singapore Airlines flight.
The SLPP will have to deal with media furore when the P CoI releases its report later this year. Sirisena, who held the Defence and Law and order portfolios at the time of the attack, in addition to being the Commander-in-Chief, cannot absolve himself of the responsibility for the unprecedented security failure.
H’tota deal and FTA with Singapore
Sirisena authorized the 99-year-lease on Hambantota port, in lieu of what Sri Lanka owed China, as well as the controversial Free Trade Agreement with Singapore (FTA) during his tainted presidency. On behalf of Sri Lanka, Sirisena’s nominee, Ports and Shipping Minister, Mahinda Samarasinghe, signed the agreement with China. Sri Lanka and China finalized the Hambantota port deal, in late July 2017, and the FTA with Singapore, in January 2018. Malik Samarawickrema signed the agreement on Sri Lanka’s behalf. It was finalized after six rounds of talks. Both Sirisena and Samarasinghe re-entered parliament on the SLPP ticket. Samarasinghe even took SLPP membership in the run-up to the general election. Samarawickrema, who was accommodated on the UNP National List in the previous parliament, quit parliamentary politics.
The SLFP has conveniently forgotten that it held the post of Deputy Speaker in Parliament till May 25, 2018. Thilanga Sumathipala served as the Deputy Speaker and the Chairperson of Committees of parliament. Sumathipala was replaced by Ananda Kumarasiri, who later headed the PSC that probed the Easter Sunday carnage. The Supreme Court has been moved by seven parties, including the Government Medical Officers’ Association (GMOA), against the FTA with Singapore. The SC last heard the case in the second week of July, 2020. It will be taken up again on Nov 03, 2020. A committee, appointed by the government after the last presidential election to review the FTA with Singapore, is yet to release its final report.
Having promised to review the Hambantota deal, the incumbent administration subsequently dropped the idea after China, in no uncertain terms, objected to that move. Those who represented the previous parliament and those who elected to new parliament should keep in mind there is no difference in the 99-year-lease on Hambantota port and the outright sale of such a valuable asset.
ACSA et al
Sri Lanka first entered ACSA (Access and Cross Servicing Agreement) in March 2007. Gotabaya Rajapaksa, in his capacity as the Secretary to the Ministry of Defence, signed ACSA on Sri Lanka’s behalf for a period of 10 years. Sirisena, in his capacity as the President, authorized signing a far more comprehensive ACSA, in August 2017. Sirisena’s government also discussed SOFA (Status of Forces Agreement) with the US, in addition to finalizing the MCC (Millennium Challenge Corporation) Compact.
When the writer raised the issue with Wickremesinghe at the final government media briefing, at Temple Trees, two weeks before the Nov 16, 2019 presidential election, the Premier, without hesitation, declared it would be signed. Now, President Gotabaya Rajapaksa’s government will have to decide on the controversial agreement. The government is obviously in a dilemma. Having secured a near two-thirds majority, the SLPP cannot, under any circumstances, accept the agreement in its present form against the backdrop of Prof. Lalithasiri Gunaruwan’s damning report, in Sinhala, on it. Perhaps, copies should be made available to all members of the new parliament.
Sri Lanka shouldn’t accept SOFA, under any circumstances. Instead, Sri Lanka should guarantee that it wouldn’t engage in /allow foreign activity inimical to regional or world powers. The new government cannot be unaware how the majority community reacted to the UNP’s response to ACSA, SOFA and MCC. The SLPP campaign, against US agreements, gave Gotabaya Rajapaksa a tremendous boost at the presidential poll, as well as the recently concluded general election.
Paddy at Mattala airport
Having ousted Mahinda Rajapaksa, in January 2015, and then won the 2015 August general election, the UNP brazenly stored paddy at the Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport (MRIA). Wickremesinghe repeatedly called Sri Lanka’s second international airport a white elephant. Storing paddy at MRIA was nothing but political suicide. It was meant to humiliate the war-winning President and his administration.
Storing paddy at MAIA is as bad as betraying the war-winning armed forces in Geneva. Five years later, the majority community, through overwhelming votes at the presidential and parliamentary polls, sent the UNP home. Sajith Premadasa and his group survived by contesting under a different symbol. Whoever secures UNP’s solitary National List slot, one UNP lawmaker in parliament would be a grim reminder to those who destroyed the once great party.
The Presidential Commission of Inquiry (PCoI)probing incidents of political victimization has issued summons on former Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and former ministers Mangala Samaraweera, Patali Champika Ranawaka, Sarath Fonseka, Malik Samarawickrama and Rauff Hakeem.
They have accordingly been informed to appear before the PCoI on the 7th of September.
Further, Jathika Jana Balawegaya (JJB) leader Anura Kumara Dissanayake and Tamil National Alliance (TNA) leader R. Sampanthan were also issued summons by the PCoI to record statements on the same day.
Former Director of the State Intelligence Service Nilantha Jayawardena stated that the State Intelligence Service also knew before the Easter attack that Rifkan Bathiudeen, the brother of former Minister Rishad Bathiudeen, had helped Saharan Hashim, who was evading court despite being issued a warrant, to flee to India by boat from Mannar.
This was when he testified before the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into the Easter attack today (18).
He testified before the Presidential Commission today for the 13th day
He stated that he first received the intelligence on April 4 last year and stated that he had told the then IGP Pujith Jayasundara on April 7.
Meanwhile, former Minister of Defense Ruwan Wijewardene also appeared before the Police Investigation Unit of the Presidential Commission today (18) and statements were recorded from him for more than 5 hours.
Also, former Director of the CID Shani Abeysekara, who is currently in remand custody, appeared before the Commission’s Police Investigation Unit today
