By Raj Gonsalkorale
Today, 21st
May 2021 is the 29th death anniversary of this unassuming colossus
who perhaps had done more for the people of Sri Lanka than many others before
him and after him
The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good
men to do nothing – Edmund Burke
Edmund Burke was an influential Anglo-Irish politician, orator
and political thinker, known for publicly expressing his opposition to the
French Revolution. Born in Dublin in 1729, Burke went to London to study law,
but soon gave this up and pursued a literary and political career. He became a
member of the parliament in 1765 and had a 30-year career as a political
theorist and philosopher. Later praised by both conservatives and liberals,
Burke believed that the government should be a cooperative relationship between
rulers and subjects. He also said that most men in a nation are not qualified
to govern it, stating that those who are elected to represent the people should
possess a greater level of wisdom than the public. The past is important,
but change is inevitable so, in order to keep a balance between the new and the
traditional, society needs to learn how to adapt. Therefore, we should
construct civilization by giving weight to our ancestors, but also consider
ourselves and the needs of future generations.
This article is
not about Edmund Burke. It is about one of Sri Lanka’s greatest sons, Tikiri
Bandara Ilangaratne or T B Ilangaratne, who in so many ways epitomised the
values that Burke believed in during his time. His revolutionary policies and
the people owned public institutions he created or helped to create
demonstrated in no uncertain manner that he was never a man who stood in
silence when it came to public policy and governance for all and not a favoured
few. TB Ilangaratne, a family man, a novelist, poet, union leader and
politician, born on the 27th of February 1913, passed away peacefully
on the 21st of May 1992 having lived a life dedicated to a selfless service
to the people of Sri Lanka.
One enduring characteristic of T B
Ilangaratne was his unassuming nature, his simplicity and his affinity to his
family that never faded throughout his life. He and his wife, Tamara Kumari
Ilangaratne or TKI as she was fondly referred to, ran a home which had been more like a community hall
and there had always been a pot of rice and a simple meal in the home as
everyone who had visited, and there had been many from the two electorates
represented by TBI and TKI, had never left their home hungry. They had never
been any discrimination on status or any other discriminatory practice and
whoever having a meal had been served at the main dining table. Being a crowded
household, children of TBI and TKI, and their cousins and friends who had been
regular visitors, sometimes had their meals either in the kitchen or in our
rooms. The family home had been one of joy and had been full of very meaningful
life.
Both TB Ilangaratne
and his wife, as members of Parliament, along with other members of Parliament
at the time, unlike those today who find it difficult to even walk, let alone
travel in public transport, had not been given fleets of vehicles. They were
entitled only to public bus and train passes, and unless they had their own
transport, which the Ilangaratne’ s did not have, their only mode of transport
to and back from their respective electorates had been public transport.
Despite these
challenges, TB Ilangaratne had one motive throughout his life and that was to
be of service to others, in particular to those who were left behind by the
legacy of colonialism and supremacy of money for a few at the cost of
exacerbating the plight of those who were left behind by that few. His
achievements in introducing far reaching policy reforms in independent Sri
Lanka, which continued till the end of the seventies, have to be looked at
through such a prism.
His vision and
approach to policy settings paved the way for others to emulate and set the
direction for a fairer Sri Lanka and opening opportunities for those had been
denied such opportunities.
Throughout
his life and especially during his political career, he was a person who not
only thought or just empathised with people in society, who were poor,
homeless and the lower middle class who were left behind by the Colonial
administrations and then by those who took over from them, but actually
introduced ground breaking policies to raise the standards and hopes of such
people.
Besides the
accolades that he got, which were many and richly deserved, he was also at the
butt end of the nastiest characteristics of many fellow countrymen who assigned
all manner of derogatory labels to him, which were totally unjust and untrue.
Not only was he subject to such vilification, even his family was not spared
and they had to endure these on behalf of a husband and father who did and
always did, what was in the best interest of the mass of Sri Lankans who were
left out of the post-colonial Sri Lankan dream.
In the days
before the advent of social media, these vilifications were spearheaded by
interested parties including the monopoly media who were the servants of the
masters at that time, masters who had been affected by the far reaching public
policy changes introduced by T B Ilangaratne.
His life’s
philosophy and his political philosophy were no different to each other.
Simplicity and equal opportunities for everyone irrespective of ethnicity,
religion, caste or any other discriminatory practices, guided his thinking. In
this respect, he saw common ground with the left movement in the country and
the leaders of the left movement. His socialist orientation and outlook brought
him very close to a scholarly Buddhist Monk, Venerable Walpola Rahula who had
his early education at the Vidyalankara Pirivena, and who maintained close
links with the University. There is no doubt that Ven Rahula had a lasting
influence on T B Ilangaratne and they remained lifelong friends.
These socialist
leanings had irked Mr D S Senanayake and his fellow supporters in the
government of the day. Mr Senanayake was the first Prime Minister of the
country then known as Ceylon, who was in the 1940s, the Leader of the House of
Representatives. They were seeing the Buddhist clergy as being a threat to
their power, and influence with the rich segment of the polity.
The Vidyalankara Declaration
In the early
part of the 1940s, the leading Buddhist Monks of the day had taken a stand to campaign
for broad basing the public policy settings of the country and to extend the
country’s social structure to the majority people in the country who had been
left behind by a few who controlled most aspects of the country’s economy. This
was no ethnic or religion based campaign although the leading Buddhist Monks
had taken it on themselves to launch such a campaign on behalf of the wider
mass of people of the country. In this regard, Monks led by Yakkaduwe Pangnarama,
Kiriwattuduwe Pannassara, Walpola Rahula and others and lay persons like young
T B Ilangaratne had taken the lead to introduce what was referred to as the
Vidyalankara declaration which articulated a new vision for the country.
Politicians,
businessmen and women, and others belonging to the governing class led by Mr D
S Senanayake who was then the Leader of the House of Representatives had been
vehemently against this declaration and the call to action by the Buddhist
Monks. The animosity between Mr Senanayake and
his supporters and the Buddhist clergy had intensified to the extent that they
had prevented Monks like Venerable Rahula from receiving their daily mid-day
meal. It is at this point that the role played by TB Ilangaratne comes into
focus, as he, although a poor clerical hand at the time, had arranged with well-wishers
to supply the mid-day meals to Ven Rahula and other Monks. Ven Rahula had
mentioned special mention of this effort on the part of TB Ilangaratne and their
friendship flourished.
Ven Walpola Rahula was a scholar and a
writer. He became the Professor
of History and Literature of Religions in the North Western University in the
US, the first Bhikkhu to hold such a chair in the Western world. He later
became a Professor Emeritus at the same university and in 1964, the Vice
Chancellor of the Vidyodaya University in Sri Lanka (now Sri Jayawardhanapura
University)
Navaratne Rajakaruna Wasala Tikiri Mudiyanselage Tikiri Bandara
Ilangaratne was
born on 27 February 1913 in Tumpane, Hataraliyadda, Waligodapola, as the fourth
child in a family with seven siblings. His father was a well-known general
practitioner of traditional ophthalmology. He began attending school in 1917 at
Galagedera Vidyalaya and received his secondary education from St. Anthony’s College, Kandy. Ilangaratne wrote three plays
while in school (Akikaru Putha, Himin and Anda
Nanda). On September 4, 1944, Ilangaratne married Tamara Kumari Aludeniya in Gampola. Tamara Kumari
Ilangaratne (TKI) was elected as the member for Kandy (1949-1952) and Galagedara (1970-1977). They had four children
Udaya, Sandhya, Rohana, and Upeksha.
He was a Member of Parliament for Kandy, Galaha, Hewaheta and Kolonnawa in Colombo district. He served as
the Sri Lankan Cabinet Minister of Labour, Housing, Social Services, Finance,
Commerce, Food, Trade and Shipping, Public Administration & Home Affairs
and he also functioned as the Acting Head of State during Mrs Sirima
Bandaranaike time as Prime Minister in a career spanning more than three
decades.
As extensive as his political experience and achievements were, he was
also well known for his literary talent and authored several classic novels and
is best known for writing Amba Yahaluwo (1957), a popular
children’s novel. His novels Tilaka Saha Tilaka, Lasanda, Nedeyo,
Sasara, Niwena Ginna, Nayana and Kale Mal have been adapted into movies. Amba
Yahaluwo and Vilambheetha were made into a television
serial.
Altogether he has written 50 Sinhalese novels, and 2 English novels –
Matchmaker and Amba Yahaluwo which were also translated to French. He also
translated Tale of Two cities written by Charles Dickens to Sinhala as
Denuwara Kathawa”.
Early Days
T B Ilangaratne left school after passing the London matriculation exam
upon which he joined the government service as a clerk in the General Clerical Service. In 1941, he tried his hands at
acting playing King Dhatusena in the play of the same name by Gunasila
Witanansa and in the movies Radala Piliruwa” and Warada Kageda”.
in 1947, T B Ilangaratne’ s leadership qualities were recognised by
the membership of the Clerical Service and he became the President of the
Government Clerical Services Union (GCSU). There were many trade unions
representing the working class under Dr NM
Perera, Dr S A Wickramasinghe, Peter Keuneman but his vison was to involve the
clerical staff to fight for their civil rights and also towards gaining
independence from the British Empire. He organised a massive rally at the Galle
Face Green against the colonial rule and this led to his dismissal from the
Government Clerical Service.
He then contested and won the Kandy
electorate in the 1947 general election as a Socialist candidate, but was
unseated as a result of an election petition. At the request from the people of
Kandy, his lifelong friend, companion and wife, Tamara Kumari Ilangaratne affectionately
referred to as TKI contested at the by-election and became the MP for Kandy. An
election petition may have got rid of T B Ilangaratne, but the people of Kandy
did not.
TB Ilangaratne joined the editorial board of Lankadeepa newspaper
writing the political column under the pen name Andare” while his wife TKI continued
as a member of Parliamentary opposition.
The following year he contested a by-election in the Kandy electorate as an
independent socialist candidate defeating Fredrick
de Silva, and
entered the House of Representatives of Ceylon and was sworn in on May 18, 1948
It was around this time that S W R D Bandaranaike, who would become
Prime Minister in 1956, left the government of D S Senanayake and joined the
opposition. T B Ilangaratne recognised and wrote of this move of Mr
Bandaranaike as the greatest political sacrifice he had made. He invited S W R
D Bandaranaike to address a socialist group of Kandy headed by Queens Counsel
Mr Sri Nissanka and himself. At the meeting S W R D Bandaranaike announced his
vision to follow a middle path and expressed his desire to join hands with T B
Ilangaratne to form a new political party.
The seeds for the birth of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party were sown and Mr
Bandaranaike’s vision became a reality when both T B Ilangaratne and his wife,
as convenors and founder members together with 42 others formed the Sri Lanka
Freedom Party. This included D A Rajapaksa, the father of Mahinda and Gotabaya
who were to become Presidents and Heads of State of the country, and another
sibling, Chamal, a Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, and Basil, a cabinet
minister himself. The key role played by T B Ilangaratne and TKI in the
formation of the SLFP and leading it to one of the most stunning political
victories is perhaps not known to many.
He contested the 1956 general election from Galaha as the candidate of the newly
formed party SLFP, defeating Theodore Braybrook Panabokke and re-entered the House of
Representatives in the landslide victory. Prime Minister Bandaranaike appointed
him to his
cabinet as
the Minister of Labour, Housing and
Social Services.
In 1959 S W R D Bandaranaike, a visionary who gave a life and
purpose to the very ordinary common man” fell to an assassin’s bullet,
although the conspirators to the assassination were people engaged in
commercial activity who had lost out on some deals, which were unprincipled,
unethical and not in the national interest, and rightly turned down by Mr
Bandaranaike. The chief conspirator, former chief priest of the Kelaniya Raja
Maha Viharaya, Mapitigama Buddharakkitha, was tried and convicted and sentenced
to life imprisonment, and he died in prison while serving his sentence.
In the immediate post S W R D Bandaranaike cabinet, T B Ilangaratne
assumed duties as the Minister of Home Affairs, which included the department
of police that investigated the assassination and which eventually led to the
conviction of the assassin and the conspirators.
He contested and was elected in the general elections of March 1960 and July 1960 from Hewaheta. He was appointed Minister of Commerce,
Trade, Food and Shipping by Sirima Bandaranaike who became Prime Minister having
led the Sri Lanka Freedom Party in the July election. In 1963, he was
appointed Minister of Finance and then Minister of Internal and
External Trade in 1964.
T B Ilangaratne lost his seat in the 1965 general election. He however returned to Parliament from
a by-election in 1967 from the Kolonnawa electorate and sat in the opposition. He was
re-elected in the 1970 general election from Kolonnawa and was appointed to
the cabinet with the portfolios of Foreign and Internal Trade, thereafter,
Trade and Public Administration and Home Affairs. In 1974 he served briefly as
the acting Prime Minister. Ilangaratne retired from politics on April 12, 1986.
There is a
strong possibility that TB Ilangaratne’ s very significant and unparalleled
achievements are not known to many as such interested parties have for years,
carried out a successful campaign to hide them from the public and vilify him
for activities he was never part of or had any association with.
His
achievements are overwhelming, and amongst the major achievements not mentioned
so far in this article are the following.
Declaring a holiday on account of the May Day and recognising this
as a special day for workers, establishment of the Employees Provident Fund. The Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF) was established
under the Act No. 15 of 1958 and is currently the largest Social Security
Scheme in Sri Lanka. With an asset base of Rs. 2,540 billion as at end 2019,
the EPF today has become a huge “Peace of Mind” for the employees of
institutions and establishments of the Private Sector, State Sponsored
Corporations, Statutory Boards and Private Business.
The adoption of the Labour Disputes Act, Creation of Shops and Office
Employees Act, Passing of Maternity Leave Act, providing light work to pregnant
mothers, Implementation of the Workers’ Compensation Act, Establishment of the
National Wages Commission, Establishment of Vocational Training Centres, Abolition
of the right of employers to dismiss employees abruptly, facilitate trade union
representatives to attend foreign conferences.
Some of the institutional work he was responsible for
were, nationalisation of private petroleum companies such as Royal Dutch Shell, Mobil gas, Caltex and Esso
transferring its assets to the newly formed Ceylon Petroleum Corporation, and
its refinery to refine crude oil, nationalization of insurance and the establishment
of the Insurance Corporation, establishment of the People’s Bank, establishment
of the National Lotteries Board, adoption of the Shipping Corporation Act, establishment
of Sathosa, launching the Oberoi Hotel created under the Sathosa establishment,
establishment of State Trading General Corporation (now known as Rajawasa),
establishment of the State Tractor Corporation, establishment of the State
Textile Corporation (Salu Sala),
establishment of the Consolidated Export Corporation (Consolexpo), establishment
of Co-operative Services Commission, establishment of the National Fruit Board,
establishment of the National Pricing Commission, creating a price control
department to protect consumers, transfer of dried fish importation business to
the State (CWE) on account a gold
smuggling racket amongst some private importers, to the CWE
He is also credited as the first Finance Minister to present
the national budget in Sinhala, the reason for this being the budget in Sinhala
were to open the doors for entrepreneurs from the cities as well as villages to
Sri Lanka’s economic opportunities, and to broad base the naturally agro based
country and to create opportunities for students to study economics in the
Sinhala language as such opportunities were restricted to those who studied in
the English medium up until then. He was also responsible for widening Tea
exports, hitherto restricted to Britain, directly to the rest of the world,
breaking the monopoly of Oil imports restricted to England, and opening importations
to the Middle East and Russia.
It would not be
misplaced to assign any other label than what Mahatma Gandhi said of great men
– You must be the change you
wish to see in the world”, to T B Ilangaratne.
He epitomised that and he was always the change he wished to see in Sri Lanka. His singular achievements, his dedicated service to the country
he loved, demonstrates this beyond any doubt. He is assured of an honoured
place in Sri Lanka as a man for all seasons and a visionary leader for
generations to come.
